| 1. |
- Brouder, Patrick, et al.
(författare)
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A (ski) trip into the future : climate change and winter tourism in Polar Sweden in 2040
- 2013
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Ingår i: New issues in Polar tourism. - Dordrecht : Springer. - 9789400758834 - 9789400758841 ; , s. 149-161
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent research shows that many polar tourism entrepreneurs are not ready to adapt to climate change even though some areas within the polar north are more exposed and adaptive capacities of entrepreneurs vary. Moreover, sensitivities of communities to climate change are dependent on the importance of current and future winter tourism in the locale relative to other industries, thus questioning whether communities should focus on winter-tourism development. Current trends reveal a promulgation of a four seasons' approach to tourism in Polar Sweden in order to reduce sensitivities. However, there is also further winter-tourism development potential since the north inland of Sweden is more secure than many other European winter sport destinations. An important question is as follows: how can regions in the polar north capitalize on their natural assets and develop winter tourism without risking a lock-in effect through increased regional sensitivity to climate change? This chapter maps the exposed area in Polar Sweden and generates basic climate impact scenarios for the future based on plausible alternatives due to climate change and tourism business and institutional development. The discussion utilizes the Arctic Tourism Innovation System (ATIS) framework, where the necessary roles and complementary relationships of institutions and entrepreneurs in creating sustainable paths for polar communities are highlighted.
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| 2. |
- Brouder, Patrick
(författare)
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Embedding Arctic Tourism Innovation in ‘Creative Outposts’
- 2013
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Ingår i: From Talk to Action. - Thunder Bay, Canada : Centre for Northern Studies Press. ; , s. 183-198
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tourism has emerged as an important part of the economy in the Circumpolar North. Many northern communities grew as outposts of capitalism and prospered through primary sector activities such as agriculture, mining, fishing, and forestry. Recently, entrepreneurial and institutional efforts have resulted in increasing tourism employment in the Arctic. While the contribution of tourism to Arctic economies is well-understood, other questions remain. Communities are not only dependent on what happens in the economy in the broader sense but also on endogenous generation of creative and innovative initiatives. This paper examines tourism in three Arctic communities and introduces the concept of creative outposts – communities in peripheral areas which manage to develop tourism despite difficult structural preconditions. Three cases from across the Circumpolar North, and at different stages of development, are presented and main themes explored include: the endogenous nature of tourism development and its potential for employment and entrepreneurship, the contribution of tourism to the local leisure space, and the potential of tourism as a diversification strategy. The paper utilises an innovation systems approach and highlights that tourism activity can act as a catalyst for the development of positive local social capital. The study is positioned within the Arctic Tourism Innovation System framework, highlighting how some northern communities manage not just to survive but to thrive with tourism and community resilience being complementary in creative outposts. The paper calls for future comparative studies across the Circumpolar North.
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| 3. |
- Brouder, Patrick, et al.
(författare)
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Staying Power : What Influences Micro-Firm Survival in Tourism?
- 2013
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Ingår i: Tourism Geographies. - : Routledge. - 1461-6688 .- 1470-1340. ; 15:1, s. 125-144
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to investigate how previous experience and location of entrepreneurs influence the survival of new tourism firms. The paper departs from recent evolutionary economic geography advancements, highlighting the importance of routines and skills as well as location-specific knowledge for firm success. While having been well-researched for manufacturing industries characterized by high entry barriers, little knowledge is currently available on the factors influencing survival rates in service sectors with low entry barriers. A quantitative approach applies hazard models to investigate the survival rates over a seven-year period of a total of 133 new micro-tourism firms started between 1999 and 2001 in the four northernmost counties of Sweden. The geo-referenced micro-database ASTRID links information on firm features (e.g. firm births and deaths, spatial coordinates and industry codes) to characteristics of entrepreneurs (e.g. age, education, previous experience). The main finding is that entrepreneurs with previous work experience in related sectors are more likely to survive and, in this case, entrepreneurs without local experience tend to be less successful. We find no evidence that new firms operating in regions specialized in tourism have a survival advantage. Our analysis also indicates that surviving firms improve performance over time. The paper thus contributes new knowledge on the determinants of micro-firm survival in tourism.
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| 4. |
- Brouder, Patrick
(författare)
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Tourism Development in Peripheral Areas : Processes of Local Innovation and Change in Northern Sweden
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Tourism has reached almost all regions of the world and has had a notable growth in the peripheral regions of Europe. Attempts at tourism development in rural and peripheral areas have resulted in widely varying outcomes and have often been undertaken as a last resort by communities. Despite mixed results, tourism persists as a tool for regional development. There has not been so much research on the evolving nature of tourism entrepreneurship in regions where tourism is relatively new as a commercial/entrepreneurial activity, e.g., the rural and peripheral north of Europe. This thesis presents Northern Sweden as a regional case study but it is reasonable to assume that the research results are transferable to similar regions with a similar range of nature-based tourism in small communities. The results show that tourism stakeholders co-evolve over time even though formal networks are loose and project-based (Article 1). Tourism firm survival improves for entrepreneurs with previous related experience but there is not necessarily an outsider advantage and new tourism firms contribute to job creation despite high rates of attrition (Article II). Protected areas with unique attributes (e.g., Laponia) can attract distant entrepreneurs but must manage these stakeholders more proactively (Article III). Climate change is a long-term challenge with firms not needing to adapt yet but facing differing exposures dependent on location and firm mobility (Article IV). Finally, evolutionary economic geography helps to better understand the processes of change in tourism in rural and peripheral areas (Article V).
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| 5. |
- Brouder, Patrick, et al.
(författare)
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Tourism Evolution : On the Synergies of Tourism Studies and Evolutionary Economic Geography
- 2013
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Ingår i: Annals of Tourism Research. - : Elsevier. - 0160-7383 .- 1873-7722. ; 43, s. 370-389
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Evolutionary Economic Geography (EEG) is receiving increasing interest from tourism scholars. EEG has proven to be a useful explanatory paradigm in other sectors, e.g., high-technology and creative sectors. There remains, however, a lack of theoretical discussion on evolutionary principles of economic change within relatively low-technology service sectors, of which tourism is a prime example. This paper introduces EEG to a wider tourism audience by presenting the core principles of EEG and how they relate to tourism studies. A selection of new research paths combining EEG and tourism studies is highlighted together with a number of latent research synergies which can progress both EEG and tourism studies. The paper calls for further empirical and conceptual engagement with EEG by tourism scholars.
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| 6. |
- de la Barre, Suzanne, et al.
(författare)
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Consuming stories: Placing food in the arctic tourism experience
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Heritage Tourism. - : Routledge. - 1743-873X .- 1747-6631. ; 8:2-3, s. 213-223
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Circumpolar North holds an increasing allure for travellers, combining romantic perceptions of ‘wilderness’ with a nostalgia for a frontier land far removed from ‘civilization’ and the maladies of modernity. Following global food tourism trends, the unique attributes of the circumpolar cupboard are being recognized, thus enhancing the appeal of northern destinations. Arctic food tourism is embracing the rich storytelling traditions of circumpolar peoples, both the indigenous people who have always lived with the land and more recent newcomers who have made ‘the North’ their home. The slow and local food movements are also impacting how Arctic foods are presented within tourism. This article examines emerging food tourism trends in the Circumpolar North. The growing importance of food and its relationship to land-based traditions and tourism activities in northern Canada and Sweden is evaluated. How northern foods and food-related traditions are used to position polar tourism in the marketplace is explored through textual analysis. There are unique challenges posed by this complex development environment including challenges encountered in developing tourism in peripheral areas generally, as well as specific food-related matters. Results underline impacts of food tourism trends and highlight how, in the North, consuming food is also about consuming stories.
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| 7. |
- Lundmark, Linda, et al.
(författare)
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När friluftsliv blir naturturism
- 2013
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Ingår i: Friluftsliv i förändring. - Stockholm, Sweden : Naturvårdsverket. - 9789162065478 ; , s. 175-190
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Var någonstans man ägnar sig åt friluftsliv i förhållande till sin bostad kan tyckas irrelevant men faktum är att denna geografiska koppling får konsekvenser för åtskilliga aspekter av stor betydelse för friluftslivet. Det påverkar vilka typer av aktiviteter man har möjlighet att ägna sig åt, när man kan göra det och på vilket sätt. Att ägna sig åt friluftsliv utanför sin vanliga omgivning innebär som regel en högre grad av efterfrågan på tjänster och produkter i termer av transporter, förtäring, boende och kunskap om platsen man besöker. I detta kapitel försöker vi svara på frågan om när friluftsliv blir naturturism men också resonera kring förutsättningar för och konsekvenser av detta med utgångspunkt från en platsbunden allmänt tillgänglig naturresurs. Det geografiska perspektivet ger också upphov till resonemang om regional tillväxt, planering, destinationsutveckling och vinnare och förlorare i geografin, samt är grogrund för en diskussion om när naturturismen blir lönsam lokalt, regionalt och nationellt. Ett framåtblickande perspektiv på naturturismen i Sverige diskuteras utifrån klimatförändring, resursutnyttjande och lokalt turistande. Huvudfrågan som diskuteras i detta kapitel är följaktligen vilka konsekvenserna blir när friluftsliv blir naturturism. Utifrån denna problemformulering kan ett antal mer specifika frågor urskiljas: När blir friluftsliv naturturism? Vilka konsekvenser för planering och investeringar har det att friluftsutövare blir turister? Hur skiljer sig möjligheterna för turism i olika geografiska områden och vilka trender är viktiga för framtida turismutveckling?
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| 8. |
- Lundmark, Linda, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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När friluftsliv blir naturturism
- 2013
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Ingår i: Friluftsliv i förändring. - : Naturvårdsverket. - 9789162065478 ; , s. 175-190
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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