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| 2. |
- Conradt, Tobias, et al.
(författare)
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Cross-sectoral impacts of the 2018–2019 Central European drought and climate resilience in the German part of the Elbe River basin
- 2023
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Ingår i: Regional Environmental Change. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1436-378X .- 1436-3798. ; 23, s. 1-18
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The 2018–2019 Central European drought was probably the most extreme in Germany since the early sixteenth century. We assess the multiple consequences of the drought for natural systems, the economy and human health in the German part of the Elbe River basin, an area of 97,175 km2 including the cities of Berlin and Hamburg and contributing about 18% to the German GDP. We employ meteorological, hydrological and socio-economic data to build a comprehensive picture of the drought severity, its multiple effects and cross-sectoral consequences in the basin. Time series of different drought indices illustrate the severity of the 2018–2019 drought and how it progressed from meteorological water deficits via soil water depletion towards low groundwater levels and river runoff, and losses in vegetation productivity. The event resulted in severe production losses in agriculture (minus 20–40% for staple crops) and forestry (especially through forced logging of damaged wood: 25.1 million tons in 2018–2020 compared to only 3.4 million tons in 2015–2017), while other economic sectors remained largely unaffected. However, there is no guarantee that this socio-economic stability will be sustained in future drought events; this is discussed in the light of 2022, another dry year holding the potential for a compound crisis. Given the increased probability for more intense and long-lasting droughts in most parts of Europe, this example of actual cross-sectoral drought impacts will be relevant for drought awareness and preparation planning in other regions.
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| 4. |
- Budhavant, Krishnakant, et al.
(författare)
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Radiocarbon-based source apportionment of elemental carbon aerosols at two South Asian receptor observatories over a full annual cycle
- 2015
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Ingår i: Environmental Research Letters. - : IOP Publishing. - 1748-9326. ; 10:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Black carbon (BC) aerosols impact climate and air quality. Since BC from fossil versus biomass combustion have different optical properties and different abilities to penetrate the lungs, it is important to better understand their relative contributions in strongly affected regions such as South Asia. This study reports the first year-round C-14-based source apportionment of elemental carbon (EC), the mass-based correspondent to BC, using as regional receptor sites the international Maldives Climate Observatory in Hanimaadhoo (MCOH) and the mountaintop observatory of the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology in Sinhagad, India (SINH). For the highly-polluted winter season (December-March), the fractional contribution to EC from biomass burning (f(bio)) was 53 +/- 5% (n = 6) atMCOHand 56 +/- 3% at SINH (n = 5). The f(bio) for the non-winter remainder was 53 +/- 11% (n = 6) atMCOHand 48 +/- 8%(n = 7) at SINH. This observation-based constraint on near-equal contributions from biomass burning and fossil fuel combustion at both sites compare with predictions from eight technology-based emission inventory (EI) models for India of (f(bio)) EI spanning 55-88%, suggesting that most current EI for Indian BC systematically under predict the relative contribution of fossil fuel combustion. Acontinued iterative testing of bottom-up EI with top-down observational source constraints has the potential to lead to reduced uncertainties regarding EC sources and emissions to the benefit of both models of climate and air quality as well as guide efficient policies to mitigate emissions.
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- Lestelius, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Order/disorder gradients of n-alkanethiols on gold
- 1999
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Ingår i: Colloids and Surfaces B. - : Elsevier. - 0927-7765 .- 1873-4367. ; 15:1, s. 57-70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper explores the interfacial properties of one-dimensional molecular gradients of alkanethiols (HS-(CH2)(n)- X) on gold. The kinetics and thermodynamics of monolayer formation are important issues for these types of mixed molecular assemblies. The influence of chain length difference on the contact angles with hexadecane (HD), theta(a) and theta(r), and the hysteresis, has been studied by employing alkanethiols HS-(CH2)(n)-CH3, with n = 9, 11, 13, 15 and 17, in the preparation of the self-assembled monolayers (SAM) gradients. The contact angles with hexadecane, at the very extreme ends of the gradients, show characteristic values of a highly ordered CH3-like assembly: theta(a) = 45-50 degrees. In the middle of the gradients theta(a) drops noticeably and exhibits values representative for CH2-like polymethylenes, theta(a) = 20-30 degrees, indicating a substantial disordering of the protruding chains of the longer component in the gradient assembly. As expected, the exposure of CH2-groups to the probing liquid increases with increasing differential chain length of the two n-alkanethiol used, in this case eight methylene units. However, the contact angles always display a non-zero value which means that even at a chain length difference of eight methylene units there is a substantial exposure of methyl (CH3) groups to the probing liquid. With infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) we have monitored the structural behavior of the polymethylene chains along the gradient. We find complementary evidence for disordered chains in the gradient region, and the IRAS results correlate well with the contact angle measurements. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 6. |
- Silva, Malik, et al.
(författare)
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Go for both types of cache locality!
- 2002
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Ingår i: Proc. - New Delhi, India : Tata McGraw-Hill. - 0070502412 ; , s. 500-503
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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