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Production and proc...
Production and processing of graphene and related materials
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- Backes, Claudia (author)
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg,Heidelberg University,Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin,Heidelberg Univ, Germany; Trinity Coll Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Coll Dublin, Ireland
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- Abdelkader, Amr M. (author)
- University Of Cambridge,Univ Cambridge, England,CNR, Italy
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- Alonso, Concepcion (author)
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid,Autonomous University of Madrid,Autonomous Univ Madrid, Spain
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- Andrieux-Ledier, Amandine (author)
- Université Paris-Saclay,University Paris-Saclay,Univ Paris Saclay, France
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- Arenal, Raul (author)
- Fundación ARAID,Universidad de Zaragoza,University of Zaragoza,ARAID Fundat, Spain; Univ Zaragoza, Spain; Univ Zaragoza, Spain
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- Azpeitia, Jon (author)
- Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas,Spanish National Research Council,CSIC, Spain
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- Balakrishnan, Nilanthy (author)
- University Of Nottingham,Univ Nottingham, England
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- Banszerus, Luca (author)
- Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen,RWTH Aachen University,Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Germany; Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Germany
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- Barjon, Julien (author)
- Université Paris-Saclay,University Paris-Saclay,Univ Paris Saclay, France
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- Bartali, Ruben (author)
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK),Fdn Bruno Kessler, Italy
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- Bellani, Sebastiano (author)
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia,Ist Italiano Tecnol, Italy
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- Berger, Claire (author)
- Georgia Institute of Technology,Université Grenoble Alpes,Grenoble Alpes University,Univ Grenoble Alpes, France; Georgia Inst Technol, GA 30332 USA
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- Berger, Reinhard (author)
- Technische Universität Dresden,Tech Univ Dresden, Germany; Tech Univ Dresden, Germany
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- Ortega, M. M. Bernal (author)
- Politecnico di Torino,Polytechnic University of Turin,Politecn Torino, Italy
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- Bernard, Carlo (author)
- Universität Zürich,University of Zürich,Univ Zurich, Switzerland
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- Beton, Peter H. (author)
- University Of Nottingham,Univ Nottingham, England
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- Beyer, Andre (author)
- Universität Bielefeld,Bielefeld University,Bielefeld Univ, Germany,Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Germany; Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Germany
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- Bianco, Alberto (author)
- Université de Strasbourg,University of Strasbourg,Univ Strasbourg, France
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- Boggild, Peter (author)
- Danmarks Tekniske Universitet,Technical University of Denmark,Tech Univ Denmark, Denmark
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- Bonaccorso, Francesco (author)
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia,Ist Italiano Tecnol, Italy; BeDimens Spa, Italy
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- Barin, Gabriela Borin (author)
- Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt (Empa),Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa),Empa, Switzerland
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- Botas, Cristina (author)
- CIC EnergiGUNE,CIC EnergiGUNE, Spain
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- Bueno, Rebeca A. (author)
- Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas,Spanish National Research Council,CSIC, Spain
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- Carriazo, Daniel (author)
- CIC EnergiGUNE,Basque Foundation for Science (Ikerbasque),CIC EnergiGUNE, Spain; Basque Fdn Sci, Spain
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- Castellanos-Gomez, Andres (author)
- Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas,Spanish National Research Council,CSIC, Spain
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- Christian, Meganne (author)
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR),National Research Council of Italy (CNR),CNR, Italy
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- Ciesielski, Artur (author)
- Université de Strasbourg,University of Strasbourg,Univ Strasbourg, France
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- Ciuk, Tymoteusz (author)
- Inst Technol Mat Elekt, Poland
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- Cole, Matthew T. (author)
- University of Bath,Dept Elect and Elect Engn, England,Fdn Bruno Kessler, Italy
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- Coleman, Jonathan (author)
- Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin,Trinity Coll Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Coll Dublin, Ireland
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- Coletti, Camilla (author)
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia,Ist Italiano Tecnol, Italy; Ist Italiano Tecnol, Italy,Univ Cambridge, England
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- Crema, Luigi (author)
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK),Fdn Bruno Kessler, Italy
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- Cun, Huanyao (author)
- Universität Zürich,University of Zürich,Univ Zurich, Switzerland
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- Dasler, Daniela (author)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nurnberg (FAU),Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Germany; Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Germany
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- De Fazio, Domenico (author)
- University Of Cambridge,Univ Cambridge, England
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- Diez, Noel (author)
- CIC EnergiGUNE,CIC EnergiGUNE, Spain
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- Drieschner, Simon (author)
- Technische Universität München (TUM),Technical University of Munich (TUM),Univ Munich, Germany
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- Duesberg, Georg S. (author)
- Universität Der Bundeswehr München,Bundeswehr University Munich,Univ Bundeswehr Munchen, Germany
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- Fasel, Roman (author)
- Universität Bern,University of Bern,Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt (Empa),Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa),Empa, Switzerland; Univ Bern, Switzerland
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- Feng, Xinliang (author)
- Technische Universität Dresden,Tech Univ Dresden, Germany; Tech Univ Dresden, Germany
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- Fina, Alberto (author)
- Politecnico di Torino,Polytechnic University of Turin,Politecn Torino, Italy
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- Forti, Stiven (author)
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia,Ist Italiano Tecnol, Italy
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- Galiotis, Costas (author)
- Panepistimion Patron,University of Patras,Idryma Technologias kai Erevnas (FORTH),Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH),Univ Patras, Greece; Fdn Res and Technol Hellas FORTH ICE HT, Greece
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- Garberoglio, Giovanni (author)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare,National Institute for Nuclear Physics,European Centre for Theoretical Studies in Nuclear Physics and Related Areas,European Ctr Theoret Studies Nucl Phys and Related, Italy; INFN, Italy
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- Garcia, Jorge M. (author)
- Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas,Spanish National Research Council,CSIC, Spain
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- Antonio Garrido, Jose (author)
- Fundacio Institut Catala de Nanociencia i Nanotecnologia (ICN2),Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2),Inst Catalan Nanotecnol ICN2, Spain
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- Gibertini, Marco (author)
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL),Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL),Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Switzerland; Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Switzerland
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- Goelzhaeuser, Armin (author)
- Universität Bielefeld,Bielefeld University,Bielefeld Univ, Germany
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- Gomez, Julio (author)
- Avanzare Innovacion Tecnologica Sl,Avanzare Innovac Tecnol SL, Spain
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- Greber, Thomas (author)
- Universität Zürich,University of Zürich,Univ Zurich, Switzerland
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- Hauke, Frank (author)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nurnberg (FAU),Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Germany; Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Germany
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- Hemmi, Adrian (author)
- Universität Zürich,University of Zürich,Univ Zurich, Switzerland
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- Hernandez-Rodriguez, Irene (author)
- Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas,Spanish National Research Council,CSIC, Spain
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- Hirsch, Andreas (author)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nurnberg (FAU),Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Germany; Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Germany
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- Hodge, Stephen A. (author)
- University Of Cambridge,Univ Cambridge, England
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- Huttel, Yves (author)
- Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas,Spanish National Research Council,CSIC, Spain
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- Jepsen, Peter U. (author)
- Danmarks Tekniske Universitet,Technical University of Denmark,Tech Univ Denmark, Denmark
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- Jimenez, Ignacio (author)
- Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas,Spanish National Research Council,CSIC, Spain
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- Kaiser, Ute (author)
- Universität Ulm,University of Ulm,Univ Ulm, Germany
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- Kaplas, Tommi (author)
- Itä-Suomen Yliopisto,University of Eastern Finland,Univ Eastern Finland, Finland
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- Kim, HoKwon (author)
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL),Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL),Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Switzerland; Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Switzerland
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- Kis, Andras (author)
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL),Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL),Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Switzerland; Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Switzerland
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- Papagelis, Konstantinos (author)
- Aristotelio Panepistimio Thessalonikis,Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,Idryma Technologias kai Erevnas (FORTH),Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH),Fdn Res and Technol Hellas FORTH ICE HT, Greece; Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Greece
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- Kostarelos, Kostas (author)
- University of Manchester,Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni (CNIT),Univ Manchester, England,Univ Cambridge, England; Univ Exeter, England,Buckingway Business Pk, England
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- Krajewska, Aleksandra (author)
- Polish Academy of Sciences,Inst Technol Mat Elekt, Poland; Polish Acad Sci, Poland
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- Lee, Kangho (author)
- Universität Der Bundeswehr München,Bundeswehr University Munich,Univ Bundeswehr Munchen, Germany
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- Li, Changfeng (author)
- Aalto-Yliopisto,Aalto University,Aalto Univ, Finland
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- Lipsanen, Harri (author)
- Aalto-Yliopisto,Aalto University,Aalto Univ, Finland
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- Liscio, Andrea (author)
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR),National Research Council of Italy (CNR),CNR, Italy
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- Lohe, Martin R. (author)
- Technische Universität Dresden,Tech Univ Dresden, Germany; Tech Univ Dresden, Germany
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- Loiseau, Annick (author)
- Université Paris-Saclay,University Paris-Saclay,Univ Paris Saclay, France
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- Lombardi, Lucia (author)
- University Of Cambridge,Univ Cambridge, England
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- Francisca Lopez, Maria (author)
- Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas,Spanish National Research Council,CSIC, Spain
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- Martin, Oliver (author)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nurnberg (FAU),Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Germany; Friedrich Alexander Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Germany
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- Martin, Cristina (author)
- Universidad de Castilla, La Mancha,University of Castilla, La Mancha,Univ Castilla La Mancha, Spain
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- Martinez, Lidia (author)
- Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas,Spanish National Research Council,CSIC, Spain
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- Angel Martin-Gago, Jose (author)
- Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas,Spanish National Research Council,CSIC, Spain
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- Ignacio Martinez, Jose (author)
- Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas,Spanish National Research Council,CSIC, Spain
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- Marzari, Nicola (author)
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL),Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL),Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Switzerland; Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, Switzerland
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- Mayoral, Alvaro (author)
- Universidad de Zaragoza,University of Zaragoza,ShanghaiTech University,Univ Zaragoza, Spain; ShanghaiTech Univ, Peoples R China
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- McManus, John (author)
- Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin,Trinity Coll Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Coll Dublin, Ireland
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- Melucci, Manuela (author)
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR),National Research Council of Italy (CNR)
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- Mendez, Javier (author)
- Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas,Spanish National Research Council,CSIC, Spain
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- Merino, Cesar (author)
- Grupo Antolin-Ingenieria SA,Grp Antolin Ingn SA, Spain
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- Merino, Pablo (author)
- Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas,Spanish National Research Council,CSIC, Spain; CSIC, Spain
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- Meyer, Andreas P. (author)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nurnberg (FAU)
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- Miniussi, Elisa (author)
- Universität Zürich,University of Zürich,Univ Zurich, Switzerland
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- Miseikis, Vaidotas (author)
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia,Ist Italiano Tecnol, Italy
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- Mishra, Neeraj (author)
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia,Ist Italiano Tecnol, Italy
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- Morandi, Vittorio (author)
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR),National Research Council of Italy (CNR),CNR, Italy
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- Munuera, Carmen (author)
- Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas,Spanish National Research Council,CSIC, Spain
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- Munoz, Roberto (author)
- Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas,Spanish National Research Council,CSIC, Spain
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- Nolan, Hugo (author)
- Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin,Trinity Coll Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Coll Dublin, Ireland
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- Ortolani, Luca (author)
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR),National Research Council of Italy (CNR),CNR, Italy
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- Ott, Anna K. (author)
- University of Exeter,University Of Cambridge
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- Palacio, Irene (author)
- Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas,Spanish National Research Council,CSIC, Spain
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- Palermo, Vincenzo, 1972 (author)
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF-CNR),Institute for organic syntheses and photoreactivity (ISOF-CNR),Chalmers tekniska högskola,Chalmers University of Technology,CNR, Italy; Chalmers Univ Technol, Sweden
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- Parthenios, John (author)
- Idryma Technologias kai Erevnas (FORTH),Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH),Fdn Res and Technol Hellas FORTH ICE HT, Greece
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- Pasternak, Iwona (author)
- Politechnika Warszawska,Warsaw University of Technology,Inst Technol Mat Elekt, Poland; Warsaw Univ Technol, Poland
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- Patane, Amalia (author)
- University Of Nottingham,Univ Nottingham, England
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- Prato, Maurizio (author)
- Universita degli Studi di Trieste,University of Trieste,Basque Foundation for Science (Ikerbasque),Centro de Investigación Cooperativa en Biomateriales CIC biomaGUNE,Basque Fdn Sci, Spain; CIC BiomaGUNE, Spain; Univ Trieste, Italy
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- Prevost, Henri (author)
- Université Paris-Saclay,University Paris-Saclay,Univ Paris Saclay, France
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- Prudkovskiy, Vladimir (author)
- Université Grenoble Alpes,Grenoble Alpes University,Univ Grenoble Alpes, France
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- Pugno, Nicola (author)
- Queen Mary University of London,Universita degli Studi di Trento,University of Trento,Univ Trento, Italy; Edoardo Amaldi Foudat, Italy; Queen Mary Univ London, England
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- Rojo, Teofilo (author)
- Universidad del Pais Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea,University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU),CIC EnergiGUNE,CIC EnergiGUNE, Spain; Univ Basque Country, Spain
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- Rossi, Antonio (author)
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia,Ist Italiano Tecnol, Italy
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- Ruffieux, Pascal (author)
- Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt (Empa),Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa),Empa, Switzerland
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- Samori, Paolo (author)
- Université de Strasbourg,University of Strasbourg,Univ Strasbourg, France
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- Schue, Leonard (author)
- Université Paris-Saclay,University Paris-Saclay,Univ Paris Saclay, France
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- Setijadi, Eki (author)
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK),Fdn Bruno Kessler, Italy
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- Seyller, Thomas (author)
- Technische Universität Chemnitz,Tech Univ Chemnitz, Germany
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- Speranza, Giorgio (author)
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK),Fdn Bruno Kessler, Italy
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- Stampfer, Christoph (author)
- Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen,RWTH Aachen University,Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Germany; Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Germany
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- Stenger, Ingrid (author)
- Université Paris-Saclay,University Paris-Saclay,Univ Paris Saclay, France
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- Strupinski, Wlodek (author)
- Politechnika Warszawska,Warsaw University of Technology,Inst Technol Mat Elekt, Poland; Warsaw Univ Technol, Poland
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- Svirko, Yuri (author)
- Itä-Suomen Yliopisto,University of Eastern Finland,Univ Eastern Finland, Finland
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- Taioli, Simone (author)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare,National Institute for Nuclear Physics,Univerzita Karlova,Charles University,European Centre for Theoretical Studies in Nuclear Physics and Related Areas,European Ctr Theoret Studies Nucl Phys and Related, Italy; INFN, Italy; Charles Univ Prague, Czech Republic
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- Teo, Kenneth B. K. (author)
- Aixtron Limited
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- Testi, Matteo (author)
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK)
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- Tomarchio, Flavia (author)
- University Of Cambridge,Univ Cambridge, England
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- Tortello, Mauro (author)
- Politecnico di Torino,Polytechnic University of Turin,Politecn Torino, Italy
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- Treossi, Emanuele (author)
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR),National Research Council of Italy (CNR),CNR, Italy
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- Turchanin, Andrey (author)
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena,Friedrich Schiller University Jena,Friedrich Schiller Univ Jena, Germany
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- Vazquez, Ester (author)
- Universidad de Castilla, La Mancha,University of Castilla, La Mancha,Univ Castilla La Mancha, Spain
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- Villaro, Elvira (author)
- Interquimica, Spain
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- Whelan, Patrick R. (author)
- Danmarks Tekniske Universitet,Technical University of Denmark,Tech Univ Denmark, Denmark
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- Xia, Zhenyuan, 1983 (author)
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF-CNR),Institute for organic syntheses and photoreactivity (ISOF-CNR),Chalmers tekniska högskola,Chalmers University of Technology,CNR, Italy; Chalmers Univ Technol, Sweden
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- Yakimova, Rositsa, 1942- (author)
- Linköpings universitet,Halvledarmaterial,Tekniska fakulteten
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- Yang, Sheng (author)
- Technische Universität Dresden,Tech Univ Dresden, Germany; Tech Univ Dresden, Germany
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- Yazdi, Gholamreza, 1966- (author)
- Linköpings universitet,Halvledarmaterial,Tekniska fakulteten
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- Yim, Chanyoung (author)
- Universität Der Bundeswehr München,Bundeswehr University Munich,Univ Bundeswehr Munchen, Germany
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- Yoon, Duhee (author)
- University Of Cambridge,Univ Cambridge, England
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- Zhang, Xianghui (author)
- Universität Bielefeld,Bielefeld University,Bielefeld Univ, Germany
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- Zhuang, Xiaodong (author)
- Technische Universität Dresden,Tech Univ Dresden, Germany; Tech Univ Dresden, Germany
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- Colombo, Luigi (author)
- University of Texas at Dallas,Univ Texas Dallas, TX 75080 USA
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- Ferrari, Andrea C. (author)
- University Of Cambridge
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- Garcia-Hernandez, Mar (author)
- Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas,Spanish National Research Council,CSIC, Spain
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(creator_code:org_t)
- 2020-01-29
- 2020
- English.
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In: 2D Materials. - : IOP Publishing. - 2053-1583. ; 7:2
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Abstract
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- We present an overview of the main techniques for production and processing of graphene and related materials (GRMs), as well as the key characterization procedures. We adopt a 'hands-on' approach, providing practical details and procedures as derived from literature as well as from the authors' experience, in order to enable the reader to reproduce the results. Section I is devoted to 'bottom up' approaches, whereby individual constituents are pieced together into more complex structures. We consider graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) produced either by solution processing or by on-surface synthesis in ultra high vacuum (UHV), as well carbon nanomembranes (CNM). Production of a variety of GNRs with tailored band gaps and edge shapes is now possible. CNMs can be tuned in terms of porosity, crystallinity and electronic behaviour. Section II covers 'top down' techniques. These rely on breaking down of a layered precursor, in the graphene case usually natural crystals like graphite or artificially synthesized materials, such as highly oriented pyrolythic graphite, monolayers or few layers (FL) flakes. The main focus of this section is on various exfoliation techniques in a liquid media, either intercalation or liquid phase exfoliation (LPE). The choice of precursor, exfoliation method, medium as well as the control of parameters such as time or temperature are crucial. A definite choice of parameters and conditions yields a particular material with specific properties that makes it more suitable for a targeted application. We cover protocols for the graphitic precursors to graphene oxide (GO). This is an important material for a range of applications in biomedicine, energy storage, nanocomposites, etc. Hummers' and modified Hummers' methods are used to make GO that subsequently can be reduced to obtain reduced graphene oxide (RGO) with a variety of strategies. GO flakes are also employed to prepare three-dimensional (3d) low density structures, such as sponges, foams, hydro- or aerogels. The assembly of flakes into 3d structures can provide improved mechanical properties. Aerogels with a highly open structure, with interconnected hierarchical pores, can enhance the accessibility to the whole surface area, as relevant for a number of applications, such as energy storage. The main recipes to yield graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) are also discussed. GICs are suitable precursors for covalent functionalization of graphene, but can also be used for the synthesis of uncharged graphene in solution. Degradation of the molecules intercalated in GICs can be triggered by high temperature treatment or microwave irradiation, creating a gas pressure surge in graphite and exfoliation. Electrochemical exfoliation by applying a voltage in an electrolyte to a graphite electrode can be tuned by varying precursors, electrolytes and potential. Graphite electrodes can be either negatively or positively intercalated to obtain GICs that are subsequently exfoliated. We also discuss the materials that can be amenable to exfoliation, by employing a theoretical data-mining approach. The exfoliation of LMs usually results in a heterogeneous dispersion of flakes with different lateral size and thickness. This is a critical bottleneck for applications, and hinders the full exploitation of GRMs produced by solution processing. The establishment of procedures to control the morphological properties of exfoliated GRMs, which also need to be industrially scalable, is one of the key needs. Section III deals with the processing of flakes. (Ultra)centrifugation techniques have thus far been the most investigated to sort GRMs following ultrasonication, shear mixing, ball milling, microfluidization, and wet-jet milling. It allows sorting by size and thickness. Inks formulated from GRM dispersions can be printed using a number of processes, from inkjet to screen printing. Each technique has specific rheological requirements, as well as geometrical constraints. The solvent choice is critical, not only for the GRM stability, but also in terms of optimizing printing on different substrates, such as glass, Si, plastic, paper, etc, all with different surface energies. Chemical modifications of such substrates is also a key step. Sections IV-VII are devoted to the growth of GRMs on various substrates and their processing after growth to place them on the surface of choice for specific applications. The substrate for graphene growth is a key determinant of the nature and quality of the resultant film. The lattice mismatch between graphene and substrate influences the resulting crystallinity. Growth on insulators, such as SiO2, typically results in films with small crystallites, whereas growth on the close-packed surfaces of metals yields highly crystalline films. Section IV outlines the growth of graphene on SiC substrates. This satisfies the requirements for electronic applications, with well-defined graphene-substrate interface, low trapped impurities and no need for transfer. It also allows graphene structures and devices to be measured directly on the growth substrate. The flatness of the substrate results in graphene with minimal strain and ripples on large areas, allowing spectroscopies and surface science to be performed. We also discuss the surface engineering by intercalation of the resulting graphene, its integration with Si-wafers and the production of nanostructures with the desired shape, with no need for patterning. Section V deals with chemical vapour deposition (CVD) onto various transition metals and on insulators. Growth on Ni results in graphitized polycrystalline films. While the thickness of these films can be optimized by controlling the deposition parameters, such as the type of hydrocarbon precursor and temperature, it is difficult to attain single layer graphene (SLG) across large areas, owing to the simultaneous nucleation/growth and solution/precipitation mechanisms. The differing characteristics of polycrystalline Ni films facilitate the growth of graphitic layers at different rates, resulting in regions with differing numbers of graphitic layers. High-quality films can be grown on Cu. Cu is available in a variety of shapes and forms, such as foils, bulks, foams, thin films on other materials and powders, making it attractive for industrial production of large area graphene films. The push to use CVD graphene in applications has also triggered a research line for the direct growth on insulators. The quality of the resulting films is lower than possible to date on metals, but enough, in terms of transmittance and resistivity, for many applications as described in section V. Transfer technologies are the focus of section VI. CVD synthesis of graphene on metals and bottom up molecular approaches require SLG to be transferred to the final target substrates. To have technological impact, the advances in production of high-quality large-area CVD graphene must be commensurate with those on transfer and placement on the final substrates. This is a prerequisite for most applications, such as touch panels, anticorrosion coatings, transparent electrodes and gas sensors etc. New strategies have improved the transferred graphene quality, making CVD graphene a feasible option for CMOS foundries. Methods based on complete etching of the metal substrate in suitable etchants, typically iron chloride, ammonium persulfate, or hydrogen chloride although reliable, are time- and resource-consuming, with damage to graphene and production of metal and etchant residues. Electrochemical delamination in a low-concentration aqueous solution is an alternative. In this case metallic substrates can be reused. Dry transfer is less detrimental for the SLG quality, enabling a deterministic transfer. There is a large range of layered materials (LMs) beyond graphite. Only few of them have been already exfoliated and fully characterized. Section VII deals with the growth of some of these materials. Amongst them, h-BN, transition metal tri- and di-chalcogenides are of paramount importance. The growth of h-BN is at present considered essential for the development of graphene in (opto) electronic applications, as h-BN is ideal as capping layer or substrate. The interesting optical and electronic properties of TMDs also require the development of scalable methods for their production. Large scale growth using chemical/physical vapour deposition or thermal assisted conversion has been thus far limited to a small set, such as h-BN or some TMDs. Heterostructures could also be directly grown. Section VIII discusses advances in GRM functionalization. A broad range of organic molecules can be anchored to the sp(2) basal plane by reductive functionalization. Negatively charged graphene can be prepared in liquid phase (e.g. via intercalation chemistry or electrochemically) and can react with electrophiles. This can be achieved both in dispersion or on substrate. The functional groups of GO can be further derivatized. Graphene can also be noncovalently functionalized, in particular with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that assemble on the sp(2) carbon network by pi-pi stacking. In the liquid phase, this can enhance the colloidal stability of SLG/FLG. Approaches to achieve noncovalent on-substrate functionalization are also discussed, which can chemically dope graphene. Research efforts to derivatize CNMs are also summarized, as well as novel routes to selectively address defect sites. In dispersion, edges are the most dominant defects and can be covalently modified. This enhances colloidal stability without modifying the graphene basal plane. Basal plane point defects can also be modified, passivated and healed in ultra-high vacuum. The decoration of graphene with metal nanoparticles (NPs) has also received considerable attention, as it allows to exploit synergistic effects between NPs and graphene. Decoration can be either achieved chemically or in the gas phase. All LMs,
Subject headings
- TEKNIK OCH TEKNOLOGIER -- Materialteknik (hsv//swe)
- ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY -- Materials Engineering (hsv//eng)
- NATURVETENSKAP -- Kemi -- Materialkemi (hsv//swe)
- NATURAL SCIENCES -- Chemical Sciences -- Materials Chemistry (hsv//eng)
- NATURVETENSKAP -- Fysik -- Den kondenserade materiens fysik (hsv//swe)
- NATURAL SCIENCES -- Physical Sciences -- Condensed Matter Physics (hsv//eng)
Keyword
- characterization of layered materials
- functionalization of layered materials
- synthesis of graphene and related materials
- processing of layered materials
- growth of layered materials
- inks of layered materials
Publication and Content Type
- art (subject category)
- ref (subject category)
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