| 1. |
- Burns, Georgette Leah, et al.
(författare)
-
When the wildlife you watch becomes the food you eat : Exploring moral and ethical dilemmas when consumptive and non-consumptive tourism merge
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Animals, food, and tourism. - New York : Routledge. - 9781138291607 - 9781315265209 ; , s. 25-35
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the context of wildlife tourism, human experiences with other species are often divided into the binary categories of consumptive and non-consumptive interactions. What happens when the same person values a species, and interacts with it, in both categories? The aim of this chapter is to explore moral and ethical issues inherent in tourism experiences where tourists both watch and eat the same species. The work also seeks to contribute to filling an identified gap in the tourism literature concerning moral issues associated with the use of animals as food (Yudina & Fennell, 2013).Although the chapter is primarily a theoretical piece, two case studies examining whale watching and whale eating, and seal watching and seal eating, in Iceland are included. These provide practical examples of the decision-making dilemmas when consumptive and non-consumptive forms of wildlife tourism merge.
|
|
| 2. |
- Lilja Öqvist, Elin, et al.
(författare)
-
Seal watching : An investigation of codes of conduct
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Tourism in Marine Environments. - 1544-273X .- 2169-0197. ; 13:1, s. 1-15
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Seal watching as a form of wildlife tourism is becoming increasingly popular worldwide. Behavioral changes caused by the presence of tourists could lead to negative consequences for seal welfare and may affect reproduction and survival. Therefore, managing seal-watching activities to ensure future protection and conservation is important. Codes of conduct or guidelines for how to behave around animals are one way to regulate wildlife watching and are often easier and quicker to implement than laws. Codes explaining the consequences for wildlife if the code is not followed appeal to the moral obligation of tourists and thereby increase incentives to act appropriately. This study focused on analyzing the content of codes of conduct for seal watching. Codes of conduct (n = 33) accessible on the internet during the time of study were analyzed. Results show that in many areas where seal watching occurs there are no regulations or guidelines. The content and detail of the codes varied and the information was often insufficient to offer adequate protection of seals. Few of the codes were developed in cooperation with scientists or stated that the content was based on research. Further, a majority of the codes did not explain the consequences for wildlife if the code was not followed. More research on seals and the tourists watching them is needed to better understand the effects of tourism and how disturbance could be minimized. Meanwhile, developing an international code of conduct (with local additions) built on existing knowledge in the field could be one option to increase protection and ensure conservation of these animals. The results presented in this article could assist the development of such a code of conduct.
|
|
| 3. |
- Marschall, Sarah, et al.
(författare)
-
Interpretation in wildlife tourism : Assessing the effectiveness of signage on visitor behaviour at a seal watching site in Iceland
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Journal of Outdoor Recreation. - : Elsevier BV. - 2213-0780 .- 2213-0799. ; 17, s. 11-19
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effectiveness of interpretive signage as a means of modifying visitor behaviour to reduce negative impacts on wildlife was tested empirically at a seal watching site on Vatnsnes peninsula in North West Iceland. From July to September 2014, the actions of 2440 visitors were observed and their behaviour recorded. To test the importance of how interpretive information is presented, signs with either ontological ( instructions without explanation) or teleological ( instructions with explanation) information were positioned along the path towards the site. A control group, to which no signs were provided, was also observed. Our results show that the majority of the tested behaviour was influenced when signs were present and that under some conditions teleological signs were more effective than ontological. The type of visitor group was found to significantly influence behaviour, with families having the most intrusive behaviour compared to singles, couples or other groups. The findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of how interpretative signage can modify tourist behaviour to facilitate sustainable wildlife tourism. The use of teleological signs for managing wildlife tourism activities is recommended because they are more effective than ontological signs in terms of modifying the general visitor behaviour. In addition, signage and other management strategies should address the different needs and responses relevant to the nature of the tourist group visiting the site. Special focus should be placed on families when signs are designed because this group type showed the highest probability of causing disturbance at the site. Management implications: In this paper we show that interpretation through signage can be a useful tool for sustainable development and management of wildlife watching. We recommend the following when designing interpretive signs: Visitors should be provided with teleological, rather than ontological, information. Signs should include illustrations with informative text. The information provided should take care to address families because they show the most intrusive behaviour. Information should be offered in multiple languages, as appropriate, to make information accessible to the greatest number of visitors. The content of the information should include practical information about wildlife protection, take home messages and comparisons between wildlife and humans to enable visitors to more readily establish a psychological connection with the wildlife. Although signage has many advantages, other methods for conveying information, such as guided tours with educated guides, are suggested as a way of supplementing signs.
|
|
