| 1. |
- Canton, Jacopo, et al.
(författare)
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Modal instability of the flow in a toroidal pipe
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Fluid Mechanics. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0022-1120 .- 1469-7645. ; 792, s. 894-909
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The modal instability encountered by the incompressible flow inside a toroidal pipe is studied, for the first time, by means of linear stability analysis and direct numerical simulation (DNS). In addition to the unquestionable aesthetic appeal, the torus represents the smallest departure from the canonical straight pipe flow, at least for low curvatures. The flow is governed by only two parameters: the Reynolds number (Formula presented.) and the curvature of the torus (Formula presented.), i.e. the ratio between pipe radius and torus radius. The absence of additional features, such as torsion in the case of a helical pipe, allows us to isolate the effect that the curvature has on the onset of the instability. Results show that the flow is linearly unstable for all curvatures investigated between 0.002 and unity, and undergoes a Hopf bifurcation at (Formula presented.) of about 4000. The bifurcation is followed by the onset of a periodic regime, characterised by travelling waves with wavelength (Formula presented.) pipe diameters. The neutral curve associated with the instability is traced in parameter space by means of a novel continuation algorithm. Tracking the bifurcation provides a complete description of the modal onset of instability as a function of the two governing parameters, and allows a precise calculation of the critical values of (Formula presented.) and (Formula presented.). Several different modes are found, with differing properties and eigenfunction shapes. Some eigenmodes are observed to belong to groups with a set of common characteristics, deemed ‘families’, while others appear as ‘isolated’. Comparison with nonlinear DNS shows excellent agreement, confirming every aspect of the linear analysis, its accuracy, and proving its significance for the nonlinear flow. Experimental data from the literature are also shown to be in considerable agreement with the present results.
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| 2. |
- Canton, Jacopo, 1989-
(författare)
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Numerical studies on flows with secondary motion
- 2016
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This work is concerned with the study of flow stability and turbulence control - two old but still open problems of fluid mechanics. The topics are distinct and are (currently) approached from different directions and with different strategies. This thesis reflects this diversity in subject with a difference in geometry and, consequently, flow structure: the first problem is approached in the study of the flow in a toroidal pipe, the second one in an attempt to reduce the drag in a turbulent channel flow.The flow in a toroidal pipe is chosen as it represents the common asymptotic limit between spatially developing and helical pipes. Furthermore, the torus represents the smallest departure from the canonical straight pipe flow, at least for small curvatures. The interest in this geometry is twofold: it allows us to isolate the effect of the curvature on the flow and to approach straight as well as helical pipes. The analysis features a characterisation of the steady solution as a function of curvature and the Reynolds number. The problem of forcing fluid in the pipe is addressed, and the so-called Dean number is shown to be of little use, except for infinitesimally low curvatures. It is found that the flow is modally unstable and undergoes a Hopf bifurcation that leads to a limit cycle. The bifurcation and the corresponding eigenmodes are studied in detail, providing a complete picture of the instability.The second part of the thesis approaches fluid mechanics from a different perspective: the Reynolds number is too high for a deterministic description and the flow is analysed with statistical tools. The objective is to reduce the friction exerted by a turbulent flow on the walls of a channel, and the idea is to employ a control strategy independent of the small, and Reynolds number-dependent, turbulent scales. The method of choice was proposed by Schoppa & Hussain [Phys. Fluids 10:1049-1051 (1998)] and consists in the imposition of streamwise invariant, large-scale vortices. The vortices are re-implemented as a volume force, validated and analysed. Results show that the original method only gave rise to transient drag reduction while the forcing version is capable of sustained drag reduction of up to 18%. An analysis of the method, though, reveals that its effectiveness decreases rapidly as the Reynolds number is increased.
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| 3. |
- Canton, Jacopo, et al.
(författare)
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On Large-Scale Friction Control in Turbulent Wall Flow in Low Reynolds Number Channels
- 2016
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Ingår i: Flow Turbulence and Combustion. - : Springer Netherlands. - 1386-6184 .- 1573-1987. ; 97:3, s. 811-827
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study reconsiders the control scheme proposed by Schoppa & Hussain (Phys. Fluids 10, 1049–1051 1998), using a new set of numerical simulations. The computations are performed in a turbulent channel at friction Reynolds numbers of 104 (the value employed in the original study) and 180. In particular, the aim is to better characterise the physics of the control as well as to investigate the optimal parameters. The former purpose lead to a re-design of the control strategy: moving from a numerical imposition of the mean flow to the application of a volume force. A comparison between the two is presented. Results show that the original method only gave rise to transient drag reduction. The forcing method, on the other hand, leads to sustained drag reduction, and thus shows the superiority of the forcing approach for all wavelengths investigated. A clear maximum efficiency in drag reduction is reached for the case with a viscous-scaled spanwise wavelength of the vortices of 1200, which yields a drag reduction of 18 %, as compared to the smaller wavelength of 400 suggested as the most efficient vortex in Schoppa & Hussain. Various turbulence statistics are considered, in an effort to elucidate the causes of the drag-reducing effect. For instance, a region of negative production was found, which is quite unusual for developed turbulent channel flow.
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| 4. |
- Canton, Jacopo, et al.
(författare)
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Reynolds number dependence of large-scale friction control in turbulent channel flow
- 2016
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Ingår i: Physical Review Fluids. - : American Physical Society. - 2469-990X. ; 1:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present work investigates the effectiveness of the control strategy introduced by Schoppa and Hussain [Phys. Fluids 10, 1049 (1998)] as a function of Reynolds number (Re). The skin-friction drag reduction method proposed by these authors, consisting of streamwise-invariant, counter-rotating vortices, was analyzed by Canton et al. [Flow, Turbul. Combust. 97, 811 (2016)] in turbulent channel flows for friction Reynolds numbers (Re t) corresponding to the value of the original study (i.e., 104) and 180. For these Re, a slightly modified version of the method proved to be successful and was capable of providing a drag reduction of up to 18%. The present study analyzes the Reynolds number dependence of this drag-reducing strategy by performing two sets of direct numerical simulations (DNS) for Re-tau = 360 and 550. A detailed analysis of the method as a function of the control parameters (amplitude and wavelength) and Re confirms, on the one hand, the effectiveness of the large-scale vortices at low Re and, on the other hand, the decreasing and finally vanishing effectiveness of this method for higher Re. In particular, no drag reduction can be achieved for Re t = 550 for any combination of the parameters controlling the vortices. For low Reynolds numbers, the large-scale vortices are able to affect the near-wall cycle and alter the wall-shear-stress distribution to cause an overall drag reduction effect, in accordance with most control strategies. For higher Re, instead, the present method fails to penetrate the near-wall region and cannot induce the spanwise velocity variation observed in other more established control strategies, which focus on the near-wall cycle. Despite the negative outcome, the present results demonstrate the shortcomings of the control strategy and show that future focus should be on methods that directly target the near-wall region or other suitable alternatives.
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