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- Alfvén, Tobias, et al.
(författare)
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Low-level cadmium exposure and osteoporosis.
- 2000
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Ingår i: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. - 0884-0431 .- 1523-4681. ; 15, s. 1579-1586
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Osteoporosis is a major cause of morbidity worldwide. A number of risk factors, such as age and gender, are well established. High cadmium exposure causes renal damage and in severe cases also causes osteoporosis and osteomalacia, We have examined whether long-term Pow-level cadmium exposure increases the risk of osteoporosis. Bone mineral density (BMD) in the forearm was measured in 520 men and 544 women, aged 16-81 years, environmentally or occupationally exposed to cadmium, using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) technique. Cadmium in urine was used as the dose estimate and protein HC was used: as a marker of renal tubular damage. There was a clear dose-response relation between cadmium dose and the prevalence of tubular proteinuria. Inverse relations were found between cadmium dose, tubular proteinuria, and BMD, particularly apparent in persons over 60 years of age, There was a dose-response relation between cadmium dose and osteoporosis. The odds ratios (ORs) for men were 2.2 (95% CI, 1.0-4.8) in the dose group 0.5-3 nmol Cd/mmol creatinine and 5.3 (2.0-14) in the highest dose category (greater than or equal to 3 nmol/mmol creatinine) compared with the lowest dose group (<0.5 nmol Cd/mmol creatinine). For women, the OR was 1.8 (0.65-5.3) in the dose group 0.53 nmol Cd/mmol creatinine. We conclude that exposure to low levels of cadmium is associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis.
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| 2. |
- Carlsson, Tobias, 1973
(författare)
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On Dynamic Behaviour of Wind Systems for Pipe Organs
- 2002
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The wind system sets the operational conditions for the organ pipes. The pipe foot pressure is by nature very unsteady and is a result of the wind system response to the activities of the organ player. Changing flows create propagating pressure waves. These are spread in the wind system, interact with each other and are reflected at the system boundaries. This investigation is in many aspects related to the newly reconstructed baroque organ in Örgryte Nya Kyrka, Göteborg, Sweden. The dynamic behaviour of the wind system was studied by means of measurements and numerical simulations. The full scale laboratory test rig was used to illustrate component characteristics as well as system performance. Among the many results achieved, the very strong influence of the wind trunk length on the pallet box pressure is to be pointed out. Unlike pallet box pressures, transient pressures in the tone channel can easily be affected by the organ player by means of sensitive fingering at key attack and release. Computer simulations as well as test rig measurements confirm this behaviour and illustrate the impacts of several design parameters. By means of section valves, different wind system layouts were created and tested in Örgryte. The flexible system in Örgryte offers a certain amount of freedom to tune the wind system to suit the type of music played. Furthermore, the influence of the type of wind supply (blower/bellows) was studied. The new arrangement with a speed controlled blower performed very well. All tests and simulations point out the dominant role of the wind trunks on the dynamic behaviour of the wind system and the importance of the system layout. The numerical simulations proved to be most informative and principally correct. The wind system research - creating the background of this report - is done within the research programme of Göteborg Organ Art Center (GOArt) covering a much wider field of the organ art.
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| 4. |
- Järup, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Low level exposure to cadmium and early kidney damage : The OSCAR study
- 2000
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Ingår i: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. - : BMJ. - 1351-0711 .- 1470-7926. ; 57:10, s. 668-672
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives - To study the dose-response relation between cadmium dose and renal tubular damage in a population of workers and people environmentally or occupationally exposed to low concentrations of cadmium. Methods - Early kidney damage in 1021 people, occuptionally or environmentally exposed to cadmium, was assessed from cadmium in urine to estimate dose, and protein HC (a1-microglobulin) in urine to assess tubular pvoteinuria. Results - There was an age and sex adjusted correlation between cadmium in urine and urinary protein HC. The prevalence of tubular proteinuria ranged from 5% among unexposed people to 50% in the most exposed group. The corresponding prevalence odds ratio was 6.0 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.6 to 22) for the highest exposure group, adjusted for age and sex. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed an increasing prevalence of tubular proteinuria with urinary cadmium as well as with age. After adjusment to the mean age of the study population (53 years), the results show an increased prevalence of 10% tubular proteinuria (taking into account a background prevalence of 5%) at a urinary cadmium concentration of 1.0 nmol/mmol creatinine. Conclusion - Renal tubular damage due to exposure to cadmium develops at lower levels of cadmium body burden than previously anticipated.
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| 8. |
- Törndahl, Tobias, 1974-
(författare)
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Atomic Layer Deposition of Copper, Copper(I) Oxide and Copper(I) Nitride on Oxide Substrates
- 2004
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Thin films play an important role in science and technology today. By combining different materials, properties for specific applications can be optimised. In this thesis growth of copper, copper(I) oxide and copper(I) nitride on two different substrates, amorphous SiO2 and single crystalline α-Al2O3 by the so called Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) techniques has been studied. This technique allows precise control of the growth process at monolayer level on solid substrates. Other characteristic features of ALD are that it produces films with excellent step coverage and good uniformity even as extremely thin films on complicated shaped substrates.Alternative deposition schemes were developed for the materials of interest. It was demonstrated that use of intermediate water pulses affected the deposition pathways considerably. By adding water, the films are thought to grow via formation of an oxide over-layer instead of through a direct reaction between the precursors as in the case without water.For growth of copper(I) nitride from Cu(hfac)2 and ammonia no film growth occurred without adding water to the growth process. The Cu3N films could be transformed into conducting copper films by post annealing. In copper growth from CuCl and H2 the water affected film growth on the alumina substrates considerably more than on the fused silica substrates. The existence of surface -OH and/or -NHx groups was often found to play an important role, according to both theoretical calculations and experimental results.
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