| 1. |
- Beckley, Amber, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Adult-onset offenders : Is a tailored theory warranted?
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of criminal justice. - : Elsevier. - 0047-2352 .- 1873-6203. ; 46, s. 64-81
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: To describe official adult-onset offenders, investigate their antisocial histories and test hypotheses about their origins.Methods: We defined adult-onset offenders among 931 Dunedin Study members followed to age 38, using criminal-court conviction records.Results: Official adult-onset offenders were 14% of men, and 32% of convicted men, but accounted for only 15% of convictions. As anticipated by developmental theories emphasizing early-life influences on crime, adult-onset offenders' histories of antisocial behavior spanned back to childhood. Relative to juvenile-offenders, during adolescence they had fewer delinquent peers and were more socially inhibited, which may have protected them from conviction. As anticipated by theories emphasizing the importance of situational influences on offending, adult onset offenders, relative to non-offenders, during adulthood more often had schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and alcohol-dependence, had weaker social bonds, anticipated fewer informal sanctions, and self-reported more offenses. Contrary to some expectations, adult-onset offenders did not have high IQ or high socioeconomic-status families protecting them from juvenile conviction.Conclusions: A tailored theory for adult-onset offenders is unwarranted because few people begin crime de novo as adults. Official adult-onset offenders fall on a continuum of crime and its correlates, between official non offenders and official juvenile-onset offenders. Existing theories can accommodate adult-onset offenders.
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| 2. |
- Beckley, Amber, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
-
Childhood risk factors for adolescent victimization : A discordant twin design
- 2016
-
Konferensbidrag (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- In this study we considered the effect of childhood risk factors on adolescent victimization, measured at 18 years of age. We analyzed 1000 twipairs born 1994–1996 who were members of the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Study, a prospective cohort study from the United Kingdom. We considered risk factors from two developmental periods (early childhood and early adolescence) and across multiple domains (individual, family, neighborhood): IQ, under controlled temperament, parent antisocial behavior, severe childhood victimization from ages 5 to 12, neighborhood socioeconomic, and neighborhood social cohesion. These childhood and early adolescence risk factors were tied to adolescent victimization. Many of these risk factors, however, are known risk factors for criminal behavior. Additionally, criminal behavior and victimization have been shown to be correlated in past research and were correlated the present sample of 18 year-olds (r = .40). We thus reanalyzed the relationship between the risk factors and victimization while controlling for adolescent offending. We found that the effect size for many of the childhood risk factors for victimization decreased and some became non-significant, suggesting that the risk factors described adolescents who were both victims and perpetrators. However, we found that one of the most robust predictors of adolescent victimization was childhood victimization, implying a continuity in victimization risk over the life-course. This presentation will include a comparison for twins discordant for severe childhood victimization.
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| 3. |
- Beckley, Amber L., et al.
(författare)
-
Adult-onset offenders : Is a tailored theory warranted?
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Journal of criminal justice. - : Elsevier BV. - 0047-2352 .- 1873-6203. ; 46, s. 64-81
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: To describe official adult-onset offenders, investigate their antisocial histories and test hypotheses about their origins. Methods: We defined adult-onset offenders among 931 Dunedin Study members followed to age 38, using criminal-court conviction records. Results: Official adult-onset offenders were 14% of men, and 32% of convicted men, but accounted for only 15% of convictions. As anticipated by developmental theories emphasizing early-life influences on crime, adult-onset offenders' histories of antisocial behavior spanned back to childhood. Relative to juvenile-offenders, during adolescence they had fewer delinquent peers and were more socially inhibited, which may have protected them from conviction. As anticipated by theories emphasizing the importance of situational influences on offending, adult onset offenders, relative to non-offenders, during adulthood more often had schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and alcohol-dependence, had weaker social bonds, anticipated fewer informal sanctions, and self-reported more offenses. Contrary to some expectations, adult-onset offenders did not have high IQ or high socioeconomic-status families protecting them from juvenile conviction. Conclusions: A tailored theory for adult-onset offenders is unwarranted because few people begin crime de novo as adults. Official adult-onset offenders fall on a continuum of crime and its correlates, between official non offenders and official juvenile-onset offenders. Existing theories can accommodate adult-onset offenders.
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