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- Kao-Walter, Sharon, et al.
(författare)
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Fracture Toughness of a Laminated Composite
- 2003
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Ingår i: Fracture of Polymers, Composites and Adhesives II. ; , s. 355-364
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The fracture toughness of a polymer-metal laminate composite is obtained by mechanical testing of a specimen containing a pre-crack. The laminate is a material used for packaging. It consists of a thin aluminium foil and a polymer coating. A centre cracked panel test geometry is used. Each of the layers forming the laminate is also tested separately. The result is compared with the measured fracture strength of the individual layers. It is observed that the load carrying capacity increases dramatically for the laminate. At the strain when peak load is reached for the laminate only aluminium is expected to carry any substantial load because of the low stiffness of the LDPE. However, the strength of the laminate is almost twice the strength of the aluminium foil. The reason seems to be that the aluminium forces the polymer to absorb large quantities of energy at mmall nominal strain. The toughness compares well with the accumulated toughness of all involved layers. Possible fracture of the interface between the layers is discussed.
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| 4. |
- Loyen, Anne, et al.
(författare)
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Sedentary Time and Physical Activity Surveillance Through Accelerometer Pooling in Four European Countries
- 2017
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Ingår i: Sports Medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0112-1642 .- 1179-2035. ; 47:7, s. 1421-1435
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: The objective of this study was to pool, harmonise and re-analyse national accelerometer data from adults in four European countries in order to describe population levels of sedentary time and physical inactivity. Methods: Five cross-sectional studies were included from England, Portugal, Norway and Sweden. ActiGraph accelerometer count data were centrally processed using the same algorithms. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to study the associations of sedentary time and physical inactivity with sex, age, weight status and educational level, in both the pooled sample and the separate study samples. Results: Data from 9509 participants were used. On average, participants were sedentary for 530 min/day, and accumulated 36 min/day of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity. Twenty-three percent accumulated more than 10 h of sedentary time/day, and 72% did not meet the physical activity recommendations. Nine percent of all participants were classified as high sedentary and low active. Participants from Norway showed the highest levels of sedentary time, while participants from England were the least physically active. Age and weight status were positively associated with sedentary time and not meeting the physical activity recommendations. Men and higher-educated people were more likely to be highly sedentary, while women and lower-educated people were more likely to be inactive. Conclusions: We found high levels of sedentary time and physical inactivity in four European countries. Older people and obese people were most likely to display these behaviours and thus deserve special attention in interventions and policy planning. In order to monitor these behaviours, accelerometer-based cross-European surveillance is recommended.
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- Hudson, Christine, 1950-
(författare)
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Governing the governance of education : the state strikes back?
- 2007
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Ingår i: European Educational Research Journal: Special issue Local Autonomy or State Control? Exploring the Effects of New Forms of Regulation in Education. ; 6:3, s. 266-282
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 8. |
- Murphy, M J, et al.
(författare)
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Adaptive filtering to predict lung tumor motion during free breathing
- 2002
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Ingår i: CARS 2002. - BERLIN : SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN. - 3540436553 ; , s. 539-544
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Breathing-induced tumor motion during radiation therapy can be compensated either by crating or correcting the pointing of the radiation beam, but these techniques involve time delays in the corrective response. We have analyzed the accuracy of adaptive filter algorithms in predicting tumor positions with sufficient lead time to compensate for these systematic delays. Tumor and chest motion during respiration has been recorded fluoroscopically for lung cancer patients, using gold fiducials implanted in the tumors to enhance visibility. The motions been analyzed for predictability up to 1.0 second in advance Using tapped delay line, Kalman filter, and neural network filter algorithms. Breathing patterns are not stationary in time. Both internal tumor and external chest movement can show amplitude and period modulations during a 30 second interval. Tapped delay line and other stationary filters cannot compensate for the changes and consequently have poor predictability. The predictive accuracy of adaptive filters has little dependence oil the type of algorithm, but depends mainly on the frequency of updating and deteriorates rapidly when predicting more than 0.2 seconds in advance of the breathing signal. Longer-period (e.g., 30 seconds) variability in breathing requires frequent adaptation of the filter parameters.
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| 10. |
- Durall de la Fuente, Claudia, et al.
(författare)
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Enhanced growth at low light intensity in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803 by overexpressing phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase
- 2016
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Ingår i: Algal Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 2211-9264. ; 16, s. 275-281
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Synechocystis PCC 6803 strains overexpressing pepc, gene encoding the carbon fixing enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPc), were constructed and characterized for growth, PEPc protein content and in vitro PEPc activities. Synechocystis strains WT + Km(r) - one (native) copy of pepc (control), WT + 2xPEPc - native copy of pepc and two additional native copies of pepc (in total three copies of pepc), and WT + PPM - native copies of ppsa (encoding phosphoenolpyruvate synthase), pepc and mdh (encoding malate dehydrogenase) and one additional copy of each gene (in total two copies each of ppsa, pepc and mdh) were analyzed for growth under normal and low light intensities, and in darkness (no growth). No significant differences in the growth rates were observed when the cells were grown under normal light intensity. However, growth under low light intensity (3 mu mol photons.m(-2).sec(-1)) resulted in increased growth rate, in particular in the strain with 3 copies of pepc. SDS-PAGE/Western immunoblots using antibodies directed against PEPc demonstrated an increased level of PEPc protein with increasing number of copies of pepc. This was followed by increased levels of in vitro PEPc activities. A less efficient ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase in combination with reduced levels of NADPH and ATP under low light condition may make the relatively more efficient carbon fixing enzyme PEPc the limiting step for growth under this condition.
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