| 1. |
- Clark, Andrew G., et al.
(författare)
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Evolution of genes and genomes on the Drosophila phylogeny
- 2007
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 450:7167, s. 203-218
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Comparative analysis of multiple genomes in a phylogenetic framework dramatically improves the precision and sensitivity of evolutionary inference, producing more robust results than single-genome analyses can provide. The genomes of 12 Drosophila species, ten of which are presented here for the first time (sechellia, simulans, yakuba, erecta, ananassae, persimilis, willistoni, mojavensis, virilis and grimshawi), illustrate how rates and patterns of sequence divergence across taxa can illuminate evolutionary processes on a genomic scale. These genome sequences augment the formidable genetic tools that have made Drosophila melanogaster a pre-eminent model for animal genetics, and will further catalyse fundamental research on mechanisms of development, cell biology, genetics, disease, neurobiology, behaviour, physiology and evolution. Despite remarkable similarities among these Drosophila species, we identified many putatively non-neutral changes in protein-coding genes, non-coding RNA genes, and cis-regulatory regions. These may prove to underlie differences in the ecology and behaviour of these diverse species.
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| 2. |
- Kiptily, V. G., et al.
(författare)
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Fast ion JET diagnostics : Confinement and losses
- 2008
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Ingår i: BURNING PLASMA DIAGNOSTICS. - : AIP. ; , s. 283-290
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A study of magnetically confined fast ions in tokamaks plays an important role in burning plasma research. To reach ignition and steady burning of a reactor plasma an adequate confinement of energetic ions produced by NBI heating, accelerated with ICRF and born in fusion reactions is essential to provide efficient heating of the bulk plasma. Thus, investigation of the fast ion behaviour is an immediate task for present-day large machines, such as JET, in order to understand the main mechanisms of slowing down, redistribution and losses, and to develop optimal plasma scenarios. Today's JET has an enhanced suite of fast ion diagnostics both of confined and lost ions that enable to significantly contribute to this important area of research. Fast ion populations of p, d, t, 3He and 4He, made with ICRF, NBI, and fusion reactions have been investigated in experiments on JET with sophisticated diagnostics in conventional and shear-reversed plasmas, exploring a wide range of effects. This paper will introduce to the JET fast-ion diagnostic techniques and will give an overview of recent observations. A synergy of the unique diagnostic set was utilised in JET, and studies of the response of fast ions to MHD modes (e.g. tornado modes, sawtooth crashes), fast 3He-ions behaviour in shear-reversed plasmas are impressive examples of that. Some results on fast ion losses in JET experiments with various levels of the toroidal field ripple will be demonstrated.
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| 3. |
- Murari, A., et al.
(författare)
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JET new diagnostic capability on the route to ITER
- 2007
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Ingår i: Fusion engineering and design. - : Elsevier BV. - 0920-3796 .- 1873-7196. ; 82:14-maj, s. 1161-1166
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The JET scientific programme is directed towards the development of ITER relevant scenarios. In support of this, significant effort has been made to develop diagnostics to better characterise the power deposition on the plasma facing components, to investigate in more detail the radiation losses particularly in the divertor region and to better detect Magneto Hydrodynamic Modes (MHD) instabilities and their effects on fast ion confinement. A new wide-angle infrared camera provides for the first time the opportunity to perform infrared thermography in the JET main chamber, even during fast events like ELMs and disruptions. A completely new bolometric system, with better spatial resolution particularly in the divertor, is now used to investigate the total radiation losses and their influence on the ELM behaviour. A new set of microwave waveguides has improved by 20 dB the signal to noise ratio of the JET X-mode reflectometers, that are now routinely used to detect MHD instabilities and in particular to localise the location of Alfven Eigenmodes. This improved diagnostic capability to monitor MHD instabilities is complemented by two new diagnostics to detect lost fast particles. Both the new scintillator probe and a poloidal array of Faraday cups have already shown clear correlations between MHD activity and ion losses at the edge.
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| 4. |
- Kiptily, V. G., et al.
(författare)
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Recent progress in fast ion studies on JET
- 2009
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Ingår i: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 0029-5515 .- 1741-4326. ; 49:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents recent results on fast ion studies on JET. A set of diagnostics for both confined and lost fast ions was employed for investigating the response of fast ions to MHD modes and for studying their behaviour in plasmas with toroidal field ripple and in shear-reversed plasmas. A dependence of the losses on MHD mode amplitude was deduced from the experimental data. A study of various plasma scenarios has shown that a significant redistribution of the fast ions happens during changes in the profile of the safety factor from shear-reversed to monotonic. Significant changes in the losses of ICRH accelerated protons were found to be associated with L-H confinement transitions in plasmas. After an L-H transition, an abrupt decrease in the ICRH proton losses was observed. In plasmas with an internal transport barrier, the loss of ICRH accelerated ions was found to increase as the barrier forms. Further results concerning fast ion losses were obtained during JET experiments in which the magnitude of the TF ripple was varied. The ripple losses of fusion products appear similar to classical losses, and are in agreement with modelling.
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| 5. |
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