| 1. |
- Al Bayaty, Majd, et al.
(författare)
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Riparian Management and Nutrients Distribution in Different Zones of Euphrates Riverbanks
- 2023
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Ingår i: International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics. - : International Information and Engineering Technology Association. - 1755-7437 .- 1755-7445. ; 18:1, s. 1-10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The dynamic of nutrient cycling is a critical factor in riparian regions. It is essential to understand the behaviour of riparian areas in the maintenance and management river ecosystem. Sediment load, nutrients, and pathogens are transported to water bodies through land drainage and riverside flow. The classification of environmental agencies was poor for them. In this study, a qualitative investigation was implemented to determine the relationship between these practices and variations in nutrient retention for several types of riverbank soil. Also, the riverbank soils were including soil covered by wild reed plants. All the field works were along the Euphrates River in three locations. Moreover, study the variation in the content of vegetation riverbank soils from nitrogen, organic matter (OM), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), and PH. The results presented that riverbanks consider important locations for nutrient retention. Whilst agricultural activities have minimized the content of soil of OM (30%), N (49%), and K (3%), in subsurface soil but not so great lowering in surface layers. In contrast, management practices and human activities such as burning caused an apparent increase of OM (4%), N (77%), and a clear reduction in P (12%) content at both surface and subsurface layers of soil. Under all circumstances, riverbank soils showed a relative increase of nutrients at wet toe-slopes. Furthermore, it is noted that riparian vegetation and aquatic plants played a significant role by causing critical changes in riparian sides or even contrary effects on riverbank management practices and destruction of natural soil nutrient conditions. Thus, it should be carefully considered when evaluating the ecological impacts of riparian disturbances.
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| 2. |
- Al Mousawi, Eman, et al.
(författare)
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Applying Different Water Quality Indices and GIS to Assess the Water Quality, Case Study: Euphrates River in Qadisiyah Province
- 2023
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Ingår i: Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. - : HARD. - 1230-1485 .- 2083-5906. ; 32:5, s. 4201-4217
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A well-known tool for assessing the quality of surface water is the water quality index (WQI) model. In this study, the WQI was generated to classify the water flowing in the Euphrates River in Qadisiyah Province. To develop analytical models, a connection between the findings and satellite images was developed. It is possible to determine what category a river’s water quality for domestic use will fall into. The Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WWQI), Canadian Water Quality Index (CWQI),and Bascarón Water Quality Index (BWQI) were used to evaluate and examine the suitability of the Euphrates River in the city by analysing the water quality of samples taken from the five locations (Muhanawia (L1), Salahia (L2), Shamiyah (L3), Shamiyah (L4), Gammas (L5)). The hydrogen ionspH, temperature T, dissolved oxygen DO, nitrate NO3, calcium Ca, magnesium Mg, total hardness TH, potassium K, sodium Na, sulfate SO4, chlorine Cl, total dissolved solids TDS, and electrical conductivity ECvalues are provided for 2020 and 2021. Results showed the Euphrates River was deemed severely contaminated at location Gammas (L5) but acceptable at location Muhanawia (L1). During the research phase, the water quality for the Euphrates achieved a maximum of 87.43 using the CWQI for Muhanawia (L1) in 2021 and a minimum of 15.6 using the BWQI for Gammas (L5) in 2021. The excessive sulphate, total dissolved solids, calcium, and total hardness concentrations led to the low WQI. The results are analysed using a GIS, and a network database connected to the GIS is required to utilize its analytical capabilities and the geographically scattered data throughout the study region. The Water Quality Index (WQI) is not suitable for drinking, as it is below the average of the World Health Organization (WHO) suggestions.
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| 3. |
- Alabas, Mohammed A Almajeed A, et al.
(författare)
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Investigation of the Effect of Downstream Slope and Rockfill Materials on Flow Regimes over Gabion Stepped Weirs
- 2023
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Ingår i: Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. - : HARD. - 1230-1485 .- 2083-5906. ; 32:4, s. 3481-3490
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is important to determine the limits of flow regimes in the design of stepped weirs because of the hydraulic performance of each regime. The present study investigates the effect of downstream slope and rock fill materials on flow regimes in gabion stepped weirs. Nine physical models of gabion weirs were used in the experiments. The models’ downstream slopes ranged from 1:05 to 1:4 V:H. In addition, two types of rockfill materials: crushed stone of 0.42 porosity and rounded gravel of 0.38 porosity were used to study the effect of rockfill materials on flow regimes. The nominal size of the crushed stone was (37.5 mm - 13.2 mm) D50 = 23 mm and the nominal size of the rounded gravel was (26.5 mm - 13.2 mm) D50 = 16 mm. Each model has been tested with ten runs for discharge per unit width ranging (from 0.006 to 0.105 m3/sec. m) to cover all flow conditions and flow regimes. The onset of each flow regime for all physical models has been observed. The experimental data of the gabion stepped weirs have been used to develop equations to estimate the onset of each flow regime. The coefficient of correlation (R) of the developed equations ranged between 0.95 to 0.97. The results indicated on the steeper downstream slope models (1:0.5, 1:0.83), there is interference between the nappe and transition flow regimes. The nappe flow regime has not appeared on all steps at the same time. Moreover, the shape and size of the rockfill materials have an insignificant effect on flow regimes, especially at a high flow rate.
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| 4. |
- Chabuk, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Estimating of gases emission from waste sites to generate electrical energy as a case study at Al-Hillah City in Iraq
- 2023
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Nature. - 2045-2322. ; 13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Methane (CH4) is a greenhouse gas resulting from human activities, especially landflls, and it hasmany potential environmental issues, such as its major role in global warming. On the other hand,methane can be converted to liquid fuel or electricity using chemical conversion or gas turbinegenerators. Therefore, reusing such gases could be of great environmental and economic beneft. Inthis context, this study aims to estimate the emissions of methane gas from the landflls in Al-HillahCity, Iraq, from 2023 to 2070 and the producible electric energy from this amount. The estimatingprocess was carried out using the Land GEM model and compared with traditional models. Theobtained results demonstrated that the total estimated landfll methane emissions for 48 years are875,217 tons, and the average annual methane emission is 18,234 tons based on a yearly wasteaccumulation rate of 1,046,413 tons and a total waste amount of 50,227,808 tons. The anticipatedloads of methane gas can be utilized to generate about 287,442 MW/year of electricity from 2023to 2070. In conclusion, the results obtained from this study could be evidence of the potentialenvironmental and economic benefts of harvesting and reusing methane gas from landflls.
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| 5. |
- Chabuk, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Integrating WQI and GIS to assess water quality in Shatt Al-Hillah River, Iraq using physicochemical and heavy metal elements
- 2023
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Ingår i: Applied water science. - : Springer Nature. - 2190-5487 .- 2190-5495. ; 13:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study assessed the quality of water in the Shatt Al-Hillah River by adopting some variables of physical, chemical, and heavy metal elements. The samples have been taken at six sites along the river in 2020 (from January to December). The water quality index has been determined by using the weighted-arithmetic method which is including a series of equations. Also, the model of Inverse-Distance-Weighting in the Geographic information system was applied to create a map of the water quality in the study area. Eleven physicochemical variables and five elements of heavy metals were comprised of calcium, magnesium, dissolved oxygen, Hydrogen Ions, chloride, sulfate, total hardness, total dissolved solids, turbidity, alkalinity, electric conductivity, cadmium, copper, iron, lead, and zinc. The results showed the values of the water quality index ranged from 245 to 253 (with a category of 200–300). The water quality index was rated as very poor for the selected locations along the Shatt Al-Hillah River. The GIS result illustrated the distributing map of water quality for the Shatt Al-Hillah River for household uses. The combination of the water quality index calculations with GIS in the current study might be used as a guide for future studies.
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| 6. |
- Isam, Mubeen, et al.
(författare)
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Optimization and modelling of Pb (II) and Cu (II) adsorption onto red algae (Gracilaria changii)-based activated carbon by using response surface methodology
- 2023
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Ingår i: Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. - : Springer Nature. - 2190-6815 .- 2190-6823.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Activated carbon obtained from red algae Gracilaria changii was used as an adsorbent to remove Pb (II) and Cu (II) from an aqueous solution. The raw red algae were first impregnated with phosphoric acid, followed by thermal activation. The Box–Behnken design was used to optimize the activation process. The optimum activation parameters were 84%, 650 °C, and 175 min for acid concentration, activation temperature, and activation time, respectively. The obtained activated carbon had a high surface area of 867 m2/g. The removal of Pb (II) and Cu (II) was evaluated using a batch adsorption study. The effect of solution pH on the removal of metal ions was investigated within the range of 2–7. The effect of three important adsorption parameters (initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent dosage, and contact time) was analyzed using central composite design. The optimum removal of Pb (II) and Cu (II) was 76% and 36%, respectively. The adsorption kinetics obeyed the pseudo-second-order model, while the adsorption isotherm obeyed the Langmuir model.
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| 7. |
- Al Mousawi, Eman, et al.
(författare)
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Implementation of the Quality and Creating GIS Maps for Groundwater in Babylon, Iraq
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Ecological Engineering. - : Polish Society of Ecological Engineering (PTIE). - 2299-8993. ; 24:8, s. 310-321
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In times of water scarcity, groundwater is a vital resource that provides an alternate source of water for human consumption. In Iraq, the quality of rivers has been greatly affected by climate change and the dwindling availability of surface water. Examining and classifying the groundwater in this region is now vital. The present study sought to incorporate the groundwater property data (drinking purpose) with a geographic information system (GIS). Eleven variables were measured in 25 wells to investigate the physio-chemical properties around the Babylon province of Iraq. Based on the acceptability of groundwater for drinking, the GWQI was categorized into four primary groups in the results. Approximately 28% of the twenty-five wells (1811.04 km2) are of excellent quality, 24% are of good quality (1552.3 km2), 44% are of low quality (2845.9 km2), and 4% are extremely contaminated. (2587.2 km2). The average GWQI for the entire study region was 110.7, making it inappropriate for human consumption. It has been determined that approximately 52% of the groundwater from the examined wells can be deemed safe for consumption, although certain measurements surpass the permissible limits. To guarantee residents in these areas are supplied with water of superior quality and safety, treatment of the tested groundwater is recommended before use.
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| 8. |
- Jahad, Udai A., et al.
(författare)
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CFD Analysis of the Effects of Compound Downstream Slope on Flow Over the Spillway
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Ecological Engineering. - : Polish Society of Ecological Engineering (PTIE). - 2299-8993. ; 24:11, s. 274-286
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The volume of the stilling basin can be reduced, energy can be dissipated, and floods can be contained with the help of spillways. The aim of this Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) study is to investigate how compound slopes change water flows through spillways. To measure turbulence, the Realizable k-ε model was used, and the multiphase volume of fluid (VOF) method was utilized to determine where air and water meet. Five models of spillways with different slopes (normal slope (MS1) = 30°, compound slope(MS2 and MS3) = 20°/39°, and compound slope (MS4 and MS5) = 39°/20°) were modelled and simulated using the ANSYS Fluent software to determine their flow characteristics. Numerical simulation results were compared to experimental results, and it was found that the CFD model captured the key flow aspects accurately. The numerical model carefully observes the several flow patterns (nappe, transition, and skimming) that emerged owing to variations in slope and geometry. When it comes to dissipating energy, models with a compound slope (39°/20°) do the best. When compared to the normal slope model (30°) with a step size of 10, the increase in energy dissipation is 14%. According to the findings, the TKE (turbulent kinetic energy) was elevated by the compound slope. The results of this research show that the spillway can be operated effectively and reliably under a wide range of flow conditions, fulfilling an important goal of the project.
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