| 1. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
-
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
|
|
| 2. |
- Chen, Mengying, et al.
(författare)
-
A prospective study of pain experience in a neonatal intensive care unit of China
- 2012
-
Ingår i: The Clinical Journal of Pain. - Philadelphia, PA, USA : Lippingcott Williams & Wilkins. - 0749-8047 .- 1536-5409. ; 28:8, s. 700-704
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: To assess pain burden in neonates during their hospitalization in China and thus provide evidence for the necessity of neonatal pain management. Patients and Methods: The Neonatal Facial Coding System was used to evaluate pain in neonates. We prospectively collected data of all painful procedures performed on 108 neonates (term, 62; preterm, 46) recruited from admission to discharge in a neonatal intensive care unit of a university-affiliated hospital in China. Results: We found that during hospitalization each preterm and term neonate was exposed to a median of 100.0 (range, 11 to 544) and 56.5 (range, 12 to 249) painful procedures, respectively. Most of the painful procedures were performed within the first 3 days. Preterm neonates, especially those born at 28 and 29 weeks' gestational age, experienced more pain than those born at 30 weeks' gestation or later (P < 0.001). Among those painful procedures, tracheal aspiration was the most frequently performed on preterm neonates, and intravenous cannulation was the most common for term neonates. Moreover, tracheal intubations and femoral venous puncture were found to be the most painful. Notably, none of the painful procedures was accompanied by analgesia. Conclusions: Neonates, particularly preterm neonates, were exposed to numerous invasive painful procedures without appropriate analgesia in hospitals in China. The potential long-term impacts of poorly treated pain in neonates call for a change in pediatric practice in China and in countries with similar practices.
|
|
| 3. |
- Chen, Shao-Chun, et al.
(författare)
-
Prevalence and Molecular Epidemiological Typing of Penicillinase-Producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Their bla(TEM-135) Gene Variants in Nanjing, China
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. - 0148-5717 .- 1537-4521. ; 40:11, s. 872-876
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG) and their bla(TEM-135) gene variant in 2007 and 2012 in Nanjing, China. In addition, molecular epidemiological typing of all isolates was performed to elucidate the genetic relationships of the PPNG strains. Methods: A total of 199 and 77 N. gonorrhoeae isolates were collected at the National Center for STD Control in 2007 and 2012, respectively. Nitrocefin tests were performed to identify PPNG. Mismatch amplification mutation assay was used to identify bla(TEM-135). All isolates were genotyped using N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST), and additionally, porB-based phylogenetic analysis was performed for the PPNG isolates. Results: The total prevalence of PPNG isolates was 41% (114/276) and 58% (66/114) of these PPNG isolates possessed bla(TEM-135). In 2007, 45% (90/199) produced beta-lactamase, and of those PPNG, 58% (52/90) possessed bla(TEM-135). In 2012, 31% (24/77) were PPNG, and 58% (14/24) of those isolates contained bla(TEM-135). There were 162 NG-MAST STs among the 276 isolates, and 89 of those were novel STs. A strong association between specific NG-MAST STs and bla(TEM-135) was found, and the porB-based phylogenetic analysis showed a distant evolutionary relationship between isolates in 2007 and isolates in 2012. Conclusions: A high prevalence of PPNG and bla(TEM-135) was found in Nanjing, China. bla(TEM-135) might be a precursor in the evolution into an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase that can degrade ceftriaxone, which stresses the need to continuously monitor PPNG, bla(TEM-135), and additional evolving bla(TEM) gene variants.
|
|
| 4. |
- Chen, D., et al.
(författare)
-
GSTpi protects against angiotensin II-induced proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells by preventing signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. Molecular Cell Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-4889 .- 1879-2596. ; 1843:2, s. 454-463
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Angiotensin II (Ang II)-elicited excessive proliferation, hypertrophy and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are vital to the pathogenesis of atheroclerosis. Glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTpi) exists extensively in various kinds of cells and protects cells against different stresses. However, knowledge remains limited about what GSTpi acts in VSMCs. We investigated the effect of GSTpi on Ang II-induced VSMC proliferation, hypertrophy and migration and its latent mechanism. Overexpression and RNAi experiments demonstrated that GSTpi inhibited Ang II-induced proliferation, hypertrophy and migration of VSMCs and arrested progression of cell cycle from G0/G1 to S phase. Immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry and confocal microscopy analyses showed that GSTpi directly associated with signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) to prevent Ang II-triggered binding of Src to STAT3 and thus suppressed Ang II-stimulated phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT3, as well as cyclin D1 expression. In contrast, GSTpi didn't affect Ang II-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2). GSTpi acts as a negative regulator to prevent Ang II-triggered proliferative signaling in VSMCs, suggesting that it may protect vessels against the stresses associated with atherosclerosis formation.
|
|
| 5. |
- Chen, Rui-Pin, et al.
(författare)
-
Dynamic Control of Collapse in a Vortex Airy Beam
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 3, s. 1406-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Here we study systematically the self-focusing dynamics and collapse of vortex Airy optical beams in a Kerr medium. The collapse is suppressed compared to a non-vortex Airy beam in a Kerr medium due to the existence of vortex fields. The locations of collapse depend sensitively on the initial power, vortex order, and modulation parameters. The collapse may occur in a position where the initial field is nearly zero, while no collapse appears in the region where the initial field is mainly distributed. Compared with a non-vortex Airy beam, the collapse of a vortex Airy beam can occur at a position away from the area of the initial field distribution. Our study shows the possibility of controlling and manipulating the collapse, especially the precise position of collapse, by purposely choosing appropriate initial power, vortex order or modulation parameters of a vortex Airy beam.
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
- Lin, Rui, et al.
(författare)
-
An Ultra-dense Optical Comb Based DWDM-OFDM-PON System
- 2014
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We proposed and demonstrated an ultra-dense optical comb based DWDM-OFDM-PON scheme. At the optical line terminal (OLT), a cost-effective optical frequency comb generator (OFCG) is proposed and achieved as the multi-wavelength optical source. The OFCG is capable to provide multiple channels with reconfigurable wavelength spacing for ultra-dense WDM-PON based access network. In our scheme, OFDMsignal with multi-level modulation will be encoded into the OFCG lines for the downstream transmission to enhance the spectral efficiency while the OFDM signal will be remodulated by OOK data for the upstream transmission due to its ease of implementation in optical network unit (ONU) side. In experiments, we demonstrated that 10 optical lines with 25 GHz channel spacing are generated and they were modulated by 2.5-GB/s QPSK-OFDM for the downlink signal transmission. We also demonstrated that the multiple wavelengths from the OFCG.
|
|
| 8. |
- Liu, Suli, et al.
(författare)
-
A Chromosome-centric Human Proteome Project (C-HPP) to Characterize the Sets of Proteins Encoded in Chromosome 17
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Journal of Proteome Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1535-3893 .- 1535-3907. ; 12:1, s. 49-61
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report progress assembling the parts list for chromosome 17 and illustrate the various processes that we have developed to integrate available data from diverse genomic and proteomic knowledge bases. As primary resources, we have used GPMDB, neXtProt, PeptideAtlas, Human Protein Atlas (HPA), and GeneCards. All sites share the common resource of Ensembl for the genome modeling information. We have defined the chromosome 17 parts list with the following information: 1169 protein-coding genes, the numbers of proteins confidently identified by various experimental approaches as documented in GPMDB, neXtProt, PeptideAtlas, and HPA, examples of typical data sets obtained by RNASeq and proteomic studies of epithelial derived tumor cell lines (disease proteome) and a normal proteome (peripheral mononuclear cells), reported evidence of post-translational modifications, and examples of alternative splice variants (ASVs). We have constructed a list of the 59 "missing" proteins as well as 201 proteins that have inconclusive mass spectrometric (MS) identifications. In this report we have defined a process to establish a baseline for the incorporation of new evidence on protein identification and characterization as well as related information from transcriptome analyses. This initial list of "missing" proteins that will guide the selection of appropriate samples for discovery studies as well as antibody reagents. Also we have illustrated the significant diversity of protein variants (including post-translational modifications, PTMs) using regions on chromosome 17 that contain important oncogenes. We emphasize the need for mandated deposition of proteomics data in public databases, the further development of improved PTM, ASV, and single nucleotide variant (SNV) databases, and the construction of Web sites that can integrate and regularly update such information. In addition, we describe the distribution of both clustered and scattered sets of protein families on the chromosome. Since chromosome 17 is rich in cancer-associated genes, we have focused the clustering of cancer-associated genes in such genomic regions and have used the ERBB2 amplicon as an example of the value of a proteogenomic approach in which one integrates transcriptomic with proteomic information and captures evidence of coexpression through coordinated regulation.
|
|
| 9. |
|
|
| 10. |
- Rui, Manman, et al.
(författare)
-
TiO2 Nanoparticles Functionalized Sn/3.0Ag/0.5Cu Lead-free Solder
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of IEEE CPMT 2012 International Conference on Electronic Packaging Technology & High Density Packaging. - 9781467316804 ; , s. 203-207
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- As the development of micro-systems moves towards higher speed and miniaturization, the requirement for interconnection density increases significantly. However, the use of conventional solders will be limited as the increasing I/O density lowers the pitches to very small size. Recently, there have been great developments in nano-composite solders. This paper investigated the influence of nano-titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) of 99.9% purity on the wettability, micro-structural, melting and mechanical properties of Sn/3.0Ag/0.5Cu. The composite solder was prepared by mechanically mixing solder paste with TiO 2 nanoparticles for 30 minutes. The TiO 2 nanoparticles, with average diameter of 10 nm, were manufactured by precipitation. The solder paste was SAC305 Type 4. After reflow soldering the wetting angle was measured. The microstructure of the composite solders and TiO 2 was studied by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM). An optical microscope (OM) was employed to observe the fracture mode after shear test. A pull test was performed to investigate the shear strength of all samples with composite solders between two PCBs with Sn coating, both before and after thermal cycling (TC) with range between -40°C and 85°C. Differential scanning caborimetry (DSC) was adopted to analyze the melting point of composite solders. The results indicate that when the TiO 2 content increased from 0.5% to 2%, the wettability of the solder improved, which resulted in higher shear strength and better mechanical behavior. © 2012 IEEE.
|
|
