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- Aamodt, K., et al.
(författare)
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The ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Instrumentation. - 1748-0221. ; 3:S08002
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) is a general-purpose, heavy-ion detector at the CERN LHC which focuses on QCD, the strong-interaction sector of the Standard Model. It is designed to address the physics of strongly interacting matter and the quark-gluon plasma at extreme values of energy density and temperature in nucleus-nucleus collisions. Besides running with Pb ions, the physics programme includes collisions with lighter ions, lower energy running and dedicated proton-nucleus runs. ALICE will also take data with proton beams at the top LHC energy to collect reference data for the heavy-ion programme and to address several QCD topics for which ALICE is complementary to the other LHC detectors. The ALICE detector has been built by a collaboration including currently over 1000 physicists and engineers from 105 Institutes in 30 countries, Its overall dimensions are 16 x 16 x 26 m(3) with a total weight of approximately 10 000 t. The experiment consists of 18 different detector systems each with its own specific technology choice and design constraints, driven both by the physics requirements and the experimental conditions expected at LHC. The most stringent design constraint is to cope with the extreme particle multiplicity anticipated in central Pb-Pb collisions. The different subsystems were optimized to provide high-momentum resolution as well as excellent Particle Identification (PID) over a broad range in momentum, up to the highest multiplicities predicted for LHC. This will allow for comprehensive studies of hadrons, electrons, muons, and photons produced in the collision of heavy nuclei. Most detector systems are scheduled to be installed and ready for data taking by mid-2008 when the LHC is scheduled to start operation, with the exception of parts of the Photon Spectrometer (PHOS), Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) and Electro Magnetic Calorimeter (EMCal). These detectors will be completed for the high-luminosity ion run expected in 2010. This paper describes in detail the detector components as installed for the first data taking in the summer of 2008.
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| 4. |
- Donders, G. G. G., et al.
(författare)
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Variability in diagnosis of clue cells, lactobacillary grading and white blood cells in vaginal wet smears with conventional bright light and phase contrast microscopy
- 2009
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Ingår i: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-2115 .- 1872-7654. ; 145:1, s. 109-112
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Study the reproducibility of wet smear interpretation of clue cells, lactobacillary grades and leukocyte dominance with conventional bright light and phase contrast microscopy. Study design: Sets of vaginal specimens were taken from unselected consecutive women attending an outpatient gynaecology clinic. Air-dried vaginal fluid on a microscope slide was rehydrated with isotonic saline before examination by six independent international investigators. Some investigators initially used a conventional bright light microscope, followed by phase contrast technique. Results: Using phase contrast microscopy, an excellent inter-observer agreement was obtained among all investigators for clue cells detection (Kappa values from 0.69 to 0.94) and lactobacillary grades (Kappa 0.73-0.93). When conventional light microscopes were used, poor agreement was obtained for these criteria (Kappa index 0.37-0.72 and 0.80, respectively), but switching to phase contrast microscopy by the same investigators, improved Kappa to 0.83-0.85 and 0.88, respectively. The inter-observer agreement for estimation of the leukocyte/epithelial cell ratio (Kappa index 0.17-0.67) was poor, irrespective of the type of microscopy applied. Intra-observer agreement of clue cell detection and lactobacillary grading was also found to be excellent if phase contrast microscopy was used (Kappa 0.87-0.93), and poor with conventional bright light microscopy (Kappa 0.45-0.66). Conclusion: Clue cells and the lactobacillary grades are reliably identified by phase contrast microscopy in wet smears, with excellent intra- and inter-observer reproducibility agreement, and better than when simple bright light microscopy was used. Evaluation of leukocyte grading, on the other hand, was inconsistent among the different microscopists, irrespective of the type of microscope used. We propose to grade the leukocytes in a different way than searching for leukocyte dominance over epithelial cells, namely by counting them per high power field and per epithelial cell. (c) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 5. |
- Bekkevold, D., et al.
(författare)
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Environmental correlates of population differentiation in Atlantic herring
- 2005
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Ingår i: Evolution. - 0014-3820. ; 59:12, s. 2656-2668
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The marine environment is characterized by few physical barriers, and pelagic fishes commonly show high migratory potential and low, albeit in some cases statistically significant, levels of genetic divergence in neutral genetic marker analyses. However, it is not clear whether low levels of differentiation reflect spatially separated populations experiencing gene flow or shallow population histories coupled with limited random genetic drift in large, demographically isolated populations undergoing independent evolutionary processes. Using information for nine microsatellite loci in a total of 1951 fish, we analyzed genetic differentiation among Atlantic herring from eleven spawning locations distributed along a longitudinal gradient from the North Sea to the Western Baltic. Overall genetic differentiation was low (theta = 0.008) but statistically significant. The area is characterized by a dramatic shift in hydrography from the highly saline and temperature stable North Sea to the brackish Baltic Sea, where temperatures show high annual variation. We used two different methods, a novel computational geometric approach and partial Mantel correlation analysis coupled with detailed environmental information from spawning locations to show that patterns of reproductive isolation covaried with salinity differences among spawning locations, independent of their geographical distance. We show that reproductive isolation can be maintained in marine fish populations exhibiting substantial mixing during larval and adult life stages. Analyses incorporating genetic, spatial, and environmental parameters indicated that isolating mechanisms are associated with the specific salinity conditions on spawning locations.
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| 7. |
- Feuerbacher, M., et al.
(författare)
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The Samson phase, β-Mg2Al3, Revisited
- 2007
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Ingår i: Zeitschrift für Kristallographie. - 0044-2968. ; 222:6, s. 259-288
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 8. |
- Yang, T, et al.
(författare)
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Fe5O5[B6O10(OH)3]·nH2O: Wave-layered Iron Borate and Frustrated Antiferromagnetism
- 2009
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Ingår i: Inorganic Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0020-1669 .- 1520-510X. ; 48:23, s. 11209-11214
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The first layered iron borate, Fe5O5[B6O10(OH)3]·nH2O, has been prepared by the boric acid flux method. Its structure, determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction, contains a double FeO6-octahedral layer and an unusual [B6O13] chain. The rigid and cambered [B6O13] chains bend the octahedral layers, resulting in a wave-like and sandwiched structure. Crystallographic study indicates the structural modulation is mainly from the [B6O13] chains because of the insertion of water molecules in between. Nevertheless, FeO6 layers in the average structure, which are well separated by borate chains, is still a reasonable model to understand the two-dimensional magnetism. The strong antiferromagnetic interactions and the complex Fe3+-net suggest a possible geometrically magnetic frustration, which may be the reason for the second-order temperature-induced magnetic transition at 125 K. The condensed Fe3+ layers and the relatively low redox potential at about 1.25 V versus Li+/Li show its potentials as an anodic material.
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| 10. |
- Borseth, T. M., et al.
(författare)
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Annealing study of Sb+ and Al+ ion-implanted ZnO
- 2005
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Ingår i: Superlattices and Microstructures. - : Elsevier BV. - 0749-6036 .- 1096-3677. ; 38:4-6, s. 464-471
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this work we have studied diffusion and electrical activation in Al+ and Sb+ implanted ZnO samples using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), scanning spreading resistance microscopy (SSRM) and scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM). The samples were hydrothermally grown and post-implant annealing was performed at 800, 900 and 1000 degrees C in pure oxygen atmosphere, After each annealing step the samples were characterized with SSRM/SCM and SIMS. The thermal treatments did not induce any significant impurity redistribution as measured by SIMS, while electrical compensation is observed by SSRM/SCM for the Sb-implanted sample yielding less n-doping than in the as-grown samples. In the Al-implanted samples, an increase in carrier concentration is observed; we ascribe this to Al-related donors and possibly interstitial lithium, a common residual impurity in the samples that have been shown to be very mobile by SIMS.
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