| 1. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 2. |
- Aad, G., et al.
(författare)
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- 2011
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swepub:Mat__t (refereegranskat)
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| 3. |
- Clark, Eric, et al.
(författare)
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Islands: ecologically unequal exchange and landesque capital
- 2012
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Ingår i: Ecology and power: struggles over land and material resources in the past, present and future. - 9780415601467 ; , s. 52-67
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Our purpose in this chapter is to give a brief perspective on islands in global historical-political ecology, focusing on ecologically unequal exchange and the formation of landesque capital. We emphasize how these processes are intertwined and recursively connected in broader contexts of uneven development. Empirical examples draw on our research into the historical-political ecology of islands and archipelagos which have since 1949 been geopolitically part of Taiwan, the Republic of China: Kinmen (Quemoy) Island in the Fukien Province of China, the Penghu Archipelago (Pescadores) in the Taiwan Strait, and Pongso no Tau (Lanyu, Orchid Island), a northern outlier of the Batanes Islands, southeast of Taiwan. The aim is not so much to draw comparisons between these cases as to draw connections, both between the processes of ecologically unequal exchange and formation of landesque capital, and between the peripheral islands and the global political economy/ecology of which they are part.
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| 4. |
- Clark, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Participation in evolution and sustainability
- 2012
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Ingår i: Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. - : Wiley. - 0020-2754. ; 37:4, s. 563-577
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The modern synthesis of genetics with evolution slanted our understanding of evolution and of ourselves by rejecting Darwin’s view of animals as participating in their own evolution. Defining evolution in terms of genetics, the modern synthesis indulges excessive individualism and distorted self-images as self-made. At the same time, such gene-centred thought, evoking images of master molecules making us who we are, hollows out volition and so also moral concerns and political alternatives. Drawing on the geography of thought, we argue that stubbornly tacit preformationist biological thought reflects and anchors social processes that limit adaptability in reaching toward sustainable living. We appeal for leveraging sustainability efforts by affirming in theory and in the public square an open image of human nature that recognises the participation of our ancestors in becoming who we are, obliging people to make their history together. Achieving the collective self-regulation sustainability requires may depend on correcting slanted reasoning about ourselves.
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| 5. |
- Anderberg, Stefan, 1957-, et al.
(författare)
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Green and sustainable Øresund region : Eco-branding Copenhagen and Malmö
- 2013
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Ingår i: Urban Sustainability. - East Lansing, Michigan : Michigan State University Press. - 9781611860559 ; , s. 591-610
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this chapter we discuss the recent development of the region and analyze the relation between environmental quality in the region and policy programs to undergird the image of Øresund, Copenhagen, and Malmö as green environmental forerunners of urban sustainability. Have the latter had marked impact on the environment? Or has eco-branding primarily capitalized on previous environmental improvement—much of which was exogenously driven? Is this a place where sustainable living is in the becoming? Our aim is not to provide exhaustive answers to these questions, but more modestly to present an analysis supporting the relevance of these questions while indicating conclusions that more thorough analyses may reach.
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| 6. |
- Anderberg, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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Green sustainable Öresund region - or eco-branding Copenhagen and Malmö?
- 2013
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Ingår i: Sustainability: a global urban context. - 9781611860559 ; , s. 591-610
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A positive image of a city or region attracts people, investors and enterprises. High-quality environment and local sustainability initiatives can be used for creating a positive image. A growing number of regions and cities around the world have in recent years attempted to exploit this opportunity through sustainable development strategies and innovative environmental initiatives combined with green image marketing. The Øresund region in Southern Scandinavia is an example of such a region that has gone to great effort to brand itself as green and sustainable. One of the central visions for the region when the Øresund cooperation was launched in 1994--after the decision to build a bridge across the Sound (Øresund) connecting Denmark and Sweden--was to become “one of the cleanest big city regions in Europe”. This goal was representative of the new environmental policy agenda that had emerged in the early 1990s. Environmental efforts came to be considered important not only for the sake of health, quality of life, and sustainability, but also for stimulating growth and enhancing attractiveness of the region. Stimulating environmentally sustainable development signals that this is an advanced region and encourages environmental innovations and export of related products and services. Particularly the major cities Copenhagen and Malmö have developed sustainability profiles and eco-branding strategies. They are often mentioned, particularly in European contexts, as eco-city forerunners and achieve high rankings in international comparisons. In this chapter we discuss the recent development of the region--the decades prior to and the decade since the rise of eco-branding in the region--and analyze the relation between environmental quality in the region and policy programs to undergird the image of Øresund, Copenhagen and Malmö as green environmental forerunners of urban sustainability. Have the latter had marked impact on the environment? Or has eco-branding primarily capitalized on previous environmental improvement--much of which was exogenously driven? Is this a place where sustainable living is in the becoming? Our aim is not to provide exhaustive answers to these questions, but more modestly to present an analysis supporting the relevance of these questions while indicating conclusions which more thorough analyses may reach.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Clark, Eric
(författare)
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Book review
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Planning Association. - 1939-0130. ; 77:2, s. 190-191
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Recension (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 10. |
- Clark, Eric
(författare)
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Dispossession, displacement and human security
- 2011
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the IHDP.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Dispossession and displacement have made their imprint on the lives of uncounted millions, and continue to pose the gravest threat to security for many more. The ascent of neoliberalism to global hegemony in recent decades – in all its multifarious and contextually path-dependent varieties – has radically changed the landscape of human vulnerability and security. Its successes in massive global and national redistributions of income and wealth have enriched the few while leaving most of the population more vulnerable, less secure, and at greater risk of suffering. In this paper I argue that various forms of accumulation by dispossession and displacement, associated with policies of neoliberalization, exacerbate human vulnerabilities and increasingly constitute a major risk to security both directly and indirectly through contributing to growing inequalities. These are not peripheral processes taking place in the frontiers of modernization and the margins of urbanization: they prevail also in the central nodes of ‘advanced’ societies and affect broad swaths of global population. These are not natural processes, however much neoliberal discourse has succeeded in incorporating them into common sense. Programs aiming to effectively deal with human vulnerability, security and risk cannot afford to neglect some of the greatest risks and most powerful forces threatening human security. For security we need a right to stay put, a right to place.
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