| 1. |
- Curtis, Maurice A, et al.
(författare)
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The rostral migratory stream and olfactory system: smell, disease and slippery cells.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Progress in brain research. - 1875-7855. ; 175, s. 33-42
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the mammalian brain, olfaction is an important sense that is used to detect odors of different kinds that can warn of off food, to produce a mothering instinct in a flock or group of animals, and to warn of danger such as fire or poison. The olfactory system is made up of a long-distance rostral migratory stream that arises from the subventricular zone in the wall of the lateral ventricle, mainly comprises neuroblasts, and stretches all the way through the basal forebrain to terminate in the olfactory bulb. The olfactory bulb receives a constant supply of new neurons that allow ongoing integration of new and different smells, and these are integrated into either the granule cell layer or the periglomerular layer. The continuous turnover of neurons in the olfactory bulb allows us to study the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of neurons and their application in therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. In this chapter, we will examine the notion that the olfactory system might be the route of entry for factors that cause or contribute to neurodegeneration in the central nervous system. We will also discuss the enzymes that may be involved in the addition of polysialic acid to neural cell adhesion molecule, which is vital for allowing the neuroblasts to move through the rostral migratory stream. Finally, we will discuss a possible role of endosialidases for removing polysialic acid from neural cell adhesion molecules, which causes neuroblasts to stop migrating and terminally differentiate into olfactory bulb interneurons.
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| 2. |
- Kam, Monica, et al.
(författare)
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The cellular composition and morphological organization of the rostral migratory stream in the adult human brain.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of chemical neuroanatomy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-6300 .- 0891-0618. ; 37:3, s. 196-205
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The rostral migratory stream (RMS) is the major pathway by which progenitor cells migrate from the subventricular zone (SVZ) to the olfactory bulb (OB) in rodents, rabbits and primates. However, the existence of an RMS within the adult human brain has been elusive. Immunohistochemical studies utilising cell-type specific markers for early progenitor cells (CD133), proliferating cells (PCNA), astrocytes and type B cells (GFAP) and migrating neuroblasts (PSA-NCAM), reveal that the adult human RMS is organized into layers containing glial cells, proliferating cells and neuroblasts. In addition, the RMS is arranged around a remnant of the ventricular cavity that extends from the SVZ to the OB as seen by immunohistological staining analysis and electron microscopy, showing the presence of basal bodies and a typical 9+2 arrangement of tubulin in tufts of cilia from all levels of the RMS. Overall, these findings suggest that a pathway of migratory progenitor cells similar to that seen in other mammals is present within the adult human brain and that this pathway could provide for neurogenesis in the human forebrain. These findings contribute to the scientific understanding of adult neurogenesis and establish the detailed cytoarchitecture of this novel neurogenic niche in the human brain.
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| 3. |
- Zetterström Axell, Mathilda, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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A method for rapid derivation and propagation of neural progenitors from human embryonic stem cells.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of neuroscience methods. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-678X .- 0165-0270. ; 184:2, s. 275-284
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neuronal loss is a common feature of many neurological disorders, including stroke, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and traumatic brain injury. Human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived neural progenitors (NPs) may provide new ways of treatment for several diseases and injuries in the brain, as well as enhance our understanding of early human development. Here we report a method for rapid generation of proliferating NPs from feeder free cultures of undifferentiated hESC. In this rapid and simple protocol, NPs are derived by seeding undifferentiated hESC on adherent surfaces of laminin or gelatine with normal hESC culturing medium and with the addition of basic fibroblast growth factor. After the first passage, adherent monolayer progenitors are derived that express early neuroectodermal and progenitor markers, such as Nestin, Sox1, Sox2, Sox3, Internexin, Musashi-1, NCAM, and Pax6. This novel protocol renders hESC suitable for large scale progenitor production and long-term propagation, and the progenitors have the capacity to differentiate in vitro into all three neural lineages (neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes). This method allows rapid, cost-efficient production of expandable progenitors that may be a source of cells for the restoration of cellular and functional loss after neurodegeneration and/or provide a useful source of progenitor cells for studying early brain development.
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