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- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy in higher eukaryotes
- 2008
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Landes Bioscience. - 1554-8627 .- 1554-8635. ; 4:2, s. 151-175
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research in autophagy continues to accelerate,1 and as a result many new scientists are entering the field. Accordingly, it is important to establish a standard set of criteria for monitoring macroautophagy in different organisms. Recent reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose.2,3 There are many useful and convenient methods that can be used to monitor macroautophagy in yeast, but relatively few in other model systems, and there is much confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure macroautophagy in higher eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers of autophagosomes versus those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway; thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from fully functional autophagy that includes delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of the methods that can be used by investigators who are attempting to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as by reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that investigate these processes. This set of guidelines is not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to verify an autophagic response.
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- Brizuela, F., et al.
(författare)
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High resolution full-field imaging of nanostructures using compact extreme ultraviolet lasers
- 2009
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Ingår i: 9TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON X-RAY MICROSCOPY. - : IOP Publishing.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent advances in the development of high peak brightness table-top extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and soft x-ray (SRX) lasers have opened new opportunities for the demonstration of compact full-field EUV/SXR microscopes capable of capturing images with short exposures down to a single laser shot. We demonstrate the practical application of table-top zone plate EUV microscopes that can image nanostructures with a spatial resolution of 54 nm and below and exposure times as short as 1.2 ns, the duration of a single laser shot.
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- Kolz, Melanie, et al.
(författare)
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Meta-analysis of 28,141 individuals identifies common variants within five new loci that influence uric acid concentrations
- 2009
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Ingår i: PLoS genetics. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1553-7404. ; 5:6, s. e1000504-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Elevated serum uric acid levels cause gout and are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. To investigate the polygenetic basis of serum uric acid levels, we conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association scans from 14 studies totalling 28,141 participants of European descent, resulting in identification of 954 SNPs distributed across nine loci that exceeded the threshold of genome-wide significance, five of which are novel. Overall, the common variants associated with serum uric acid levels fall in the following nine regions: SLC2A9 (p = 5.2×10−201), ABCG2 (p = 3.1×10−26), SLC17A1 (p = 3.0×10−14), SLC22A11 (p = 6.7×10−14), SLC22A12 (p = 2.0×10−9), SLC16A9 (p = 1.1×10−8), GCKR (p = 1.4×10−9), LRRC16A (p = 8.5×10−9), and near PDZK1 (p = 2.7×10−9). Identified variants were analyzed for gender differences. We found that the minor allele for rs734553 in SLC2A9 has greater influence in lowering uric acid levels in women and the minor allele of rs2231142 in ABCG2 elevates uric acid levels more strongly in men compared to women. To further characterize the identified variants, we analyzed their association with a panel of metabolites. rs12356193 within SLC16A9 was associated with DL-carnitine (p = 4.0×10−26) and propionyl-L-carnitine (p = 5.0×10−8) concentrations, which in turn were associated with serum UA levels (p = 1.4×10−57 and p = 8.1×10−54, respectively), forming a triangle between SNP, metabolites, and UA levels. Taken together, these associations highlight additional pathways that are important in the regulation of serum uric acid levels and point toward novel potential targets for pharmacological intervention to prevent or treat hyperuricemia. In addition, these findings strongly support the hypothesis that transport proteins are key in regulating serum uric acid levels.
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- Menoni, C. S., et al.
(författare)
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Advances in Nanoscale Resolution Soft X-Ray Laser Microscopy
- 2009
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Ingår i: X-RAY LASERS 2008, PROCEEDINGS. - : Springer Netherlands. - 9781402099236 ; , s. 341-347
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We review our most recent results on table-top, nanometer-scale resolution, microscopy using compact soft x-ray lasers developed at Colorado State University. We have realized the first demonstration of wavelength-resolution microscopy in the soft x-ray spectral range. Images of carbon nanotubes, 50 nm in diameter, were obtained with a single similar to 1 ns duration laser pulse from a desk-top size capinary discharge 46.9 nm laser. We fully characterized the new microscope by measuring the modulation transfer function of the instrument for zone plate objectives with three different numerical apertures, demonstrating that 54 nm half-period structures can be resolved. The combination of near-wavelength spatial resolution with high temporal resolution imaging opens myriad opportunities for imaging nanoscale structures.
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- Menoni, C. S., et al.
(författare)
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Nanometer-scale imaging and ablation with Extreme Ultraviolet lasers
- 2007
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Ingår i: 2007 CONFERENCE ON LASERS & ELECTRO-OPTICS/QUANTUM ELECTRONICS AND LASER SCIENCE CONFERENCE (CLEO/QELS 2007), VOLS 1-5. - 9781424435906 ; , s. 1401-1402
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The short wavelength and high brightness of compact extreme ultraviolet lasers is shown to enable the development of microscopes with spatial resolution of tens of nanometers and new types of nanoprobes.
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- Menoni, C. S., et al.
(författare)
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Nanoscale resolution microscopy and ablation with extreme ultraviolet lasers
- 2007
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Ingår i: 2007 IEEE LEOS ANNUAL MEETING CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1 AND 2. - 9781424409242 ; , s. 488-489
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We obtain a spatial resolution down to 38 run with full field imaging and laser-ablation systems that exploit the short wavelength and high brightness output from compact extreme ultraviolet lasers in combination with zone plate optics.
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