| 1. |
- Davoodi, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Developing an AFM-Based SECM system; Instrumental setup, SECM simulation, characterization, and calibration
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of the Electrochemical Society. - : The Electrochemical Society. - 0013-4651 .- 1945-7111. ; 155:8, s. C474-C485
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An integrated atomic force microscopy/scanning electrochemical microscopy (AFM/SECM) system was developed as an in situ local electrochemical probing technique. It consists of a dual-mode probe acting as an AFM cantilever and SECM microelectrode to simultaneously obtain the topography and electrochemical current map of the same area. Two types of probes with different geometries were used. The scan velocity and concentration profile of the redox mediator during the scan were simulated, using the equations of convection-diffusion mass transport coupled with continuity and momentum in three dimensions under steady-state and transient conditions. The temporal and spatial resolutions of the probes were investigated. It was found that, during a normal scan rate (around 1 Hz), the effect of convective transport is negligible and the SECM lateral resolution depends on the geometrical parameters. With favorable geometry, a probe with a Pt microelectrode of 1 mu m diameter can distinguish two active sites with a distance of at least 3-4 mu m. The paper also reports experiments for characterization and calibration of the AFM/SECM system. Concurrent AFM and SECM images obtained on a gold band calibration sample verify the high-resolution capability of the SECM of one or a few micrometers with optimized conditions.
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| 2. |
- Davoodi, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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In-situ investigation of localized corrosion of aluminum alloys in chloride solution using integrated EC-AFM/SECM technique
- 2005
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Ingår i: Electrochemical and solid-state letters. - : The Electrochemical Society. - 1099-0062 .- 1944-8775. ; 8:6, s. B21-B24
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) has been integrated with electrochemical atomic force microscopy (EC-AFM), and applied for in situ studies of localized corrosion of Al alloys in NaCl solution. The instrument utilizes a dual mode probe, which functions both as a normal cantilever and as an ultramicroelectrode. The I-/I3- redox mediator was used for mapping of local electrochemical current. Concurrent topography and electrochemical activity maps have been obtained on the same surface area with micrometer lateral resolution. Preliminary results show ongoing localized dissolution related to intermetallic particles in the Al alloys, which may occur well below the breakdown potential.
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| 3. |
- Davoodi, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Integrated AFM and SECM for in situ studies of localized corrosion of Al alloys
- 2007
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Ingår i: Electrochimica Acta. - : Elsevier BV. - 0013-4686 .- 1873-3859. ; 52:27, s. 7697-7705
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rolled 3xxx series Al alloys, e.g., EN AW-3003, are generally used as fin or tube material in heat exchangers for automobiles. With reducing fin thickness, maintaining fin material integrity is of increasing importance. This study aimed at exploring the differences in intrinsic corrosion properties between EN AW-3003 and a newly developed Al–Mn–Si–Zr fin alloy using state-of-the-art local probing techniques. Volta potential mapping of both alloys by scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM) indicates a cathodic behaviour of constituent intermetallic particles (>0.5 μm) relative to the alloy matrix. Compared to EN AW-3003, the Al–Mn–Si–Zr alloy has a smaller number of particles with large Volta potential difference relative to the matrix. In situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements in slightly corrosive solutions showed extensive localized dissolution and deposition of corrosion products on EN AW-3003, and only a small number of corroding sites and “tunnel-like” pits on Al–Mn–Si–Zr. Probing the ongoing localized corrosion process by integrated AFM and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) revealed more extensive local electrochemical activity on EN AW-3003 than on Al–Mn–Si–Zr. In all, the lower corrosion activity and smaller tunnel-like pits resulted in lower material loss of the Al–Mn–Si–Zr alloy, a beneficial property when striving towards thinner fin material.
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| 4. |
- Davoodi, Ali, 1974-
(författare)
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Mechanistic studies of localized corrosion of Al alloys by high resolution in-situ and ex-situ probing techniques
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A multi-analytical approach based on in-situ and ex-situ local probing techniques was employed to investigate localized corrosion mechanisms of some aluminum alloys in chloride containing solutions, focusing on the influence of intermetallic particles (IMPs) in the alloys. In the EN AW-3003 alloy, SEM-EDS analysis revealed constituent and dispersoid IMPs. There are two types of constituent IMPs, with size ranging from 0.5 to several μm, and composition typically Al6(Fe,Mn) or Al12(Mn,Fe)3Si, respectively,having a Mn/Fe ratio of about 1:1. Fine dispersoids of 0.5 μm or less in size normally have the composition Al12Mn3Si1-2. Scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM measurements showed that the constituent IMPs have a higher Volta potential compared to the matrix, and the Volta potential difference increased with particle size, probably related to the composition of the IMPs. The SKPFM results also showed a Volta potential minimum in the boundary region adjacent to some larger IMPs. The open-circuit potential and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements indicated local electrochemical activities occurring on the surface, and active-like dissolution in the acidic solutions, but a passive-like behavior in the near-neutral solutions. Infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy measurements after exposure and thermodynamic calculations suggested the formation of mixtures of aluminum oxyhydroxide and acetate on the surface in acetic acid solutions. The formation and fraction of dominant species of the corrosion products depend on the pH of the solution, and aluminum chloride compounds may form at very low pH. Moreover, an integrated in-situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanningelectrochemical microscopy (SECM) set-up was used to investigate the localized activities on the surface. With a dual mode probe, acting as both AFM tip and SECM microelectrode, concurrent topography and electrochemical current images were obtained on the same area of the surface. Numerical simulations of the SECM suggested a micrometer lateral resolution under favorable conditions and the ability to resolve μmsized active sites with a separation distance of about 3 μm or larger. The simulations were verified by SECM mapping of the aluminum alloys in the chloride solutions. The AFM/SECM measurements revealed enhanced cathodic activity on some larger IMPs and local anodic dissolution around larger IMPs. In-situ AFM monitoring confirmed preferential dissolution in the boundary region adjacent to some of these IMPs. The results elucidate the micro-galvanic effect and size effect of the IMPs during the initiation of localized corrosion of the Al alloys. Furthermore, differences in corrosion properties between EN AW-3003 and a newly developed Al–Mn–Si–Zr alloy were studied with a similar approach. Compared to EN AW-3003, the new alloy had a smaller number of particles with a large Volta potential difference relative to the matrix. In slightly corrosive solutions extensive localized dissolution and deposition of corrosion products occurred on EN AW-3003, whereas only a small number of corroding sites and “tunnel-like” pits occurred on the Al–Mn–Si–Zr alloy. The lower corrosion activity and the smaller tunnel-like pits resulted in lower material loss of the Al–Mn–Si–Zr alloy, which is beneficial for applications using a thin material.
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| 5. |
- Davoodi, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Multianalytical and in situ studies of localized corrosion of EN AW-3003 alloy : influence of intermetallic particles
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of the Electrochemical Society. - : The Electrochemical Society. - 0013-4651 .- 1945-7111. ; 155:4, s. C138-146
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The influence of intermetallic particles (IMPs) on the localized corrosion behavior of an EN AW-3003 alloy was investigated in situ by conventional electrochemical measurements and high-resolution local probing techniques in chloride solutions with and without acetic acid. The open-circuit potential (OCP) fluctuations indicate local activities on the surface, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements suggest active dissolution in acidic solutions but a passivelike behavior in near-neutral solutions. Integrated atomic force microscopy/scanning electrochemical microscopy (AFM/SECM) was used to investigate the localized activities on the surface in a diluted chloride solution. The concurrent AFM and SECM images reveal cathodic activity of the IMPs and enhanced anodic current due to localized dissolution adjacent to some large IMPs upon anodic polarization. Moreover, in situ AFM imaging at OCP in solutions containing acetic acid show localized dissolution around the IMPs, leading to formation of deposits of ringlike corrosion products. The in situ observations reveal the microgalvanic effect of the IMPs, and the large IMPs are more prone to initiate localized corrosion compared to submicrometer dispersoids. Infrared absorption spectroscopy measurements after the exposure and thermodynamic calculations suggest the formation of mixtures of aluminum oxihydroxide and acetate on the surface in the presence of acetic acid.
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| 6. |
- Davoodi, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Probing of local dissolution of Al-alloys in chloride solutions by AFM and SECM
- 2006
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Ingår i: Applied Surface Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0169-4332 .- 1873-5584. ; 252:15, s. 5499-5503
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Local dissolution of Al alloys was probed in situ in chloride solutions by using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). Preferential dissolution in the boundary region between some intermetallic particles (IMPs) and alloy matrix, and trench formation around large IMPs during free immersion and under electrochemical anodic polarization were observed, which indicate different dissolution behavior associated to different types of IMPs. Moreover, by using an integrated AFM/SECM system with a dual mode cantilever/microelectrode probe, simultaneous probing of electrochemical active sites and topographic changes over the same area was performed with submicron resolution. This allowed the ongoing localized corrosion processes related to the IMP to be revealed.
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| 7. |
- Davoodi, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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The role of intermetallic particles in localized corrosion of an aluminum alloy studied by SKPFM and integrated AFM/SECM
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of the Electrochemical Society. - : The Electrochemical Society. - 0013-4651 .- 1945-7111. ; 155:5, s. C211-218
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aluminum alloy EN AW-3003contains a certain amount of micrometer-sized constituent particles and alarge number of nanometer-sized dispersoids. The practical nobility of intermetallicparticles relative to an alloy matrix was evaluated ex situby scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM), and localized corrosioninitiation of the alloy exposed to chloride solutions was studiedin situ by integrated atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanningelectrochemical microscopy (SECM). The SKPFM results show a higher Voltapotential for the constituent particles than the matrix, and alarger difference for larger particles. In some cases, the boundaryregion between the large constituents and the matrix exhibits aminimum Volta potential. In contrast, a small Volta potential differencewas measured for the particles less than 1 µm. The SECMmapping of the alloy surface in the solution provided evidenceof a cathodic action of some constituent particles and alocal anodic dissolution adjacent to them. Concurrent AFM and SECMimages indicate that only some of the constituents are proneto initiate localized corrosion. Moreover, in situ AFM observations confirmenhanced localized dissolution in the boundary regions, verifying the cathodiccharacter of the constituent particles and a microgalvanic effect onlocalized corrosion. The fine dispersoids of nanometer size seem tohave no effect on the corrosion initiation.
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