| 1. |
- Dignum, Frank, et al.
(författare)
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Analysing the Combined Health, Social and Economic Impacts of the Corovanvirus Pandemic Using Agent-Based Social Simulation
- 2020
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Ingår i: Minds and Machines. - : Springer. - 0924-6495 .- 1572-8641. ; 30:2, s. 177-194
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the COVID-19 crisis there have been many difficult decisions governments and other decision makers had to make. E.g. do we go for a total lock down or keep schools open? How many people and which people should be tested? Although there are many good models from e.g. epidemiologists on the spread of the virus under certain conditions, these models do not directly translate into the interventions that can be taken by government. Neither can these models contribute to understand the economic and/or social consequences of the interventions. However, effective and sustainable solutions need to take into account this combination of factors. In this paper, we propose an agent-based social simulation tool, ASSOCC, that supports decision makers understand possible consequences of policy interventions, but exploring the combined social, health and economic consequences of these interventions.
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| 2. |
- Dignum, Frank, et al.
(författare)
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How to center AI on humans
- 2020
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Ingår i: NeHuAI 2020. First International Workshop on New Foundations for Human-Centered AI. ; , s. 59-62
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this position paper we investigate what it means for AI to be human-centered. Although many organisations and researchers by now have given requirements for human-centeredness, such as: transparancy, respect for human autonomy, fairness and accountability, this does little to indicate how the AI techniques should be designed in order to be human-centered. In this paper we argue that human-centered AI involves a shift from AI emulating intelligent human tasks, to emulating human intelligence such that we capture enough social intelligence in order for the AI system to be able to center its activity and reasoning on its human users.
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| 3. |
- Dignum, Virginia, Professor, et al.
(författare)
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Agents are dead. Long live agents!
- 2020
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Ingår i: AAMAS '20. - : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 9781450375184 ; , s. 1701-1705
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent years, the future of agent research has often been discussed. Most prominent is the issue whether agents should be seen as a conceptual framework or as a software development paradigm. At the same time, developments on AI seem to have taken the field into a new direction. In this paper we argue that in order for agents research to create added value for actual, real problems in the world we need to reconsider possible agent architectures and their strengths and weaknesses, their overlaps and commonalities. Finally we present a first sketch of an architecture for such agents.
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| 4. |
- Nanni, Mirco, et al.
(författare)
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Give more data, awareness and control to individual citizens, and they will help COVID-19 containment
- 2020
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Ingår i: Transactions on Data Privacy. - : Institut d'Investigació en Intel·ligència Artificial. - 1888-5063 .- 2013-1631. ; 23, s. 1-6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The rapid dynamics of COVID-19 calls for quick and effective tracking of virus transmission chains and early detection of outbreaks, especially in the "phase 2" of the pandemic, when lockdown and other restriction measures are progressively withdrawn, in order to avoid or minimize contagion resurgence. For this purpose, contact-tracing apps are being proposed for large scale adoption by many countries. A centralized approach, where data sensed by the app are all sent to a nation-wide server, raises concerns about citizens' privacy and needlessly strong digital surveillance, thus alerting us to the need to minimize personal data collection and avoiding location tracking. We advocate the conceptual advantage of a decentralized approach, where both contact and location data are collected exclusively in individual citizens' "personal data stores", to be shared separately and selectively (e.g., with a backend system, but possibly also with other citizens), voluntarily, only when the citizen has tested positive for COVID-19, and with a privacy preserving level of granularity. This approach better protects the personal sphere of citizens and affords multiple benefits: it allows for detailed information gathering for infected people in a privacy-preserving fashion; and, in turn this enables both contact tracing, and, the early detection of outbreak hotspots on more finely-granulated geographic scale. The decentralized approach is also scalable to large populations, in that only the data of positive patients need be handled at a central level. Our recommendation is two-fold. First to extend existing decentralized architectures with a light touch, in order to manage the collection of location data locally on the device, and allowthe user to share spatio-temporal aggregates - if and when they want and for specific aims - with health authorities, for instance. Second, we favour a longerterm pursuit of realizing a Personal Data Store vision, giving users the opportunity to contribute to collective good in the measure they want, enhancing self-awareness, and cultivating collective efforts for rebuilding society.
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| 5. |
- Vinuesa, Ricardo, et al.
(författare)
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A socio-technical framework for digital contact tracing
- 2020
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Ingår i: Results in Engineering (RINENG). - : Elsevier B.V.. - 2590-1230. ; 8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In their efforts to tackle the COVID-19 crisis, decision makers are considering the development and use of smartphone applications for contact tracing. Even though these applications differ in technology and methods, there is an increasing concern about their implications for privacy and human rights. Here we propose a framework to evaluate their suitability in terms of impact on the users, employed technology and governance methods. We illustrate its usage with three applications, and with the European Data Protection Board (EDPB) guidelines, highlighting their limitations.
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| 6. |
- Aler Tubella, Andrea, 1990-, et al.
(författare)
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Contestable Black Boxes
- 2020
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Ingår i: Rules and Reasoning. RuleML+RR 2020.. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030579777 - 9783030579760 ; , s. 159-167
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The right to contest a decision with consequences on individuals or the society is a well-established democratic right. Despite this right also being explicitly included in GDPR in reference to automated decision-making, its study seems to have received much less attention in the AI literature compared, for example, to the right for explanation. This paper investigates the type of assurances that are needed in the contesting process when algorithmic black boxes are involved, opening new questions about the interplay of contestability and explainability. We argue that specialised complementary methodologies to evaluate automated decision-making in the case of a particular decision being contested need to be developed. Further, we propose a combination of well-established software engineering and rule-based approaches as a possible socio-technical solution to the issue of contestability, one of the new democratic challenges posed by the automation of decision making.
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| 7. |
- Hellström, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Bias in machine learning - what is it good for?
- 2020
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Ingår i: NeHuAI 2020 : First International Workshop on New Foundations for Human-Centered AI. - : RWTH Aachen University. ; , s. 3-10
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In public media as well as in scientific publications, the term bias is used in conjunction with machine learning in many different contexts, and with many different meanings. This paper proposes a taxonomy of these different meanings, terminology, and definitions by surveying the, primarily scientific, literature on machine learning. In some cases, we suggest extensions and modifications to promote a clear terminology and completeness. The survey is followed by an analysis and discussion on how different types of biases are connected and depend on each other. We conclude that there is a complex relation between bias occurring in the machine learning pipeline that leads to a model, and the eventual bias of the model (which is typically related to social discrimination). The former bias may or may not influence the latter, in a sometimes bad, and sometime good way.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Mercuur, Rijk, et al.
(författare)
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Integrating Social Practice Theory in Agent-Based Models : A Review of Theories and Agents
- 2020
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 2329-924X. ; 7:5, s. 1131-1145
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Evidence-driven agent-based modeling plays a useful part in understanding social phenomena. By integrating social-cognitive theories in our agent models, we bear evidence from social and psychological studies on our models for human decision-making. Social practice theory (SPT) provides a socio-cognitive theory that emphasizes three empirically and theoretically grounded aspects of behavior: habituality, sociality, and interconnectivity. Previous work has emphasized the importance of SPT for agents, has made abstract models of SPT, or used SPT to study energy systems. This article provides a set of requirements for integrating SPT in agent models and an evaluation of 11 current agent models with respect to these requirements. We find that current agent models do not fully capture habituality, sociality, or interconnectivity, nor is there a model that aims to integrate all three aspects. For example, current models do not support context-dependent habits, use a comprehensive set of collective concepts, and support hierarchies of activities. Our evaluation allows researchers to pick one of the current agent models depending on their needs regarding habituality, sociality, and interconnectivity. Furthermore, this article shows the usefulness of an agent model that integrates SPT and provides requirements that help modelers to achieve this model.
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| 10. |
- Squazzoni, Flaminio, et al.
(författare)
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Unlock ways to share data on peer review
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 578:7796, s. 512-514
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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