| 1. |
- Ejermo, Olof, et al.
(författare)
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Do Higher Wages Reduce Knowledge Worker's Job Mobility? Evidence for Swedish Inventors
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Management Studies. - : Wiley. - 0022-2380. ; 55:1, s. 108-145
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Based on linked employer-employee panel data on all Swedish inventors, this paper analyses how wages affect inventors' job mobility. It is commonly assumed that higher wages reduce mobility because they reduce the value of outside opportunities. We argue that higher wages also send performance signals to potential employers, who raise their wage offers in response. By disentangling the effects of higher wages, we show evidence of a utility and an opportunity cost effect, which reduce mobility, and a performance-signalling effect, which increases mobility. In our data, the effects cancel each other out, with no effects of wages on mobility rates on average. We find, however, that for star inventors, who have sufficiently strong alternative performance signals (e.g., strong patent records), the performance signal sent by wages is crowded out by the alternative signals. Accordingly, for star inventors we find that higher wages decrease mobility.
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| 2. |
- Ejermo, Olof
(författare)
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Does incubation lead to innovation? Evidence from the Swedish incubation program
- 2018
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Ingår i: ; PM2018:20
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report addresses a potentially important effect of incubators, namely their impact on innovation. Using rich individual-level data on CEOs and employees and whether they are inventors (has patented), we can link these individuals to incubator firms and the general population of individuals and firms. In this way, we are able to create a matched sample of treated and controls allowing us to contrast the effects on treated individuals with those in the matched control group, and derive a plausibly causal effect on treated individuals comparing their performance after incubation with that before incubation in so-called difference-in-differences regressions. The dataset offers a number of advantages. First and foremost, the individuals can be followed longitudinally before and after incubation. This allows us to understand how their inventive capacity changes during incubation, both compared to themselves and to the control group. Another advantage of these data, in contrast to many other sources of innovation data, is that there is no firm size threshold set. Surveys to collect innovation data are typically sent to firms with a certain size threshold in terms of employees or sales value, with the idea of creating representative samples. By contrast, the inventor dataset employed here make it no less likely that small firm inventors are in the sample, and this is advantageous because incubator firms are typically quite small. A methodological innovation in the context of incubation for the purposes of this report is that we are able to match on pre-treatment characteristics on the level of individual rather than on the firm. This also differs from most other studies that use patent data, which tend to use patents linked to firms. As is known patent data have various caveats but is the only option in the current case. Alternative innovation indicators tend to be survey-based and small firms and/or firms with low turnover are not covered, a particularly disturbing fact when the interest is on small firms coming from incubators. The report shows that incubation has a positive innovation effect on some individuals that participate in incubation. The main finding is that CEOs, plausibly causally, increase their patenting by 300 per cent compared to the control group, on average. This effect is very clear for CEOs, who increase their patenting by 300 per cent compared to a carefully matched control group. The effect on CEOs is strong and seems to last long after incubation. Positive effects mainly pertain to the subpopulation of previous non-inventors, rather than previous inventors. For employees, although simple descriptive statistics suggest that there is an effect, matched sample regressions cannot systematically find significant effects. Putting these results into context, and together with the earlier report (Tillväxtanalys, PM 2018:02), we have two key results: 1) incubation does not foster economic performance measured as growth in turnover and value added, at least not in the short run following incubation and 2) incubation does foster innovativeness, measured with patents
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| 3. |
- Ejermo, Olof
(författare)
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Ekonomisk utveckling efter inkubation : analys av företag i det nationella inkubatorprogrammet
- 2018
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Ingår i: ; PM2018:02
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Denna rapport kartlägger och undersöker företag som deltagit i det nationella inkubatorprogrammet (NIP) 2005–14. Uppgifter om de företag som funnits i inkubatorerna kommer från Vinnova. Dessa har sedan länkats till registerdata av Statistiska Centralbyrån vilket gjort det möjligt att analysera hur det gått för inkubatorföretagen efter inkubation. Rapporten undersöker inkubatorföretagens ekonomiska prestation efter inkubation. Analyserna med ekonomiska utfallsvariabler jämför företag som inkuberats i inkubatorer i NIP med företag från inkubatorer som inte deltagit i NIP. Inkubatorföretagen jämförs också med en kontrollgrupp av icke inkuberade företag med liknande egenskaper som inkubatorföretagen. Jämförelsen görs med regressionsanalys. Deskriptiva data visar att inkubatorföretagen skiljer sig från andra företag på flera sätt. De skapas i kunskapsintensiva branscher, såsom verksamheter inom forskning och utveckling och avancerade datatjänster. De involverar också individer med mycket hög utbildning. Vidare är inkubatorföretagen överrepresenterade utanför Stockholm. Ett direkt positivt resultat av inkubatorprogrammen är att de tycks öka antalet företag aktiva inom branscher nära förknippade med kunskaps- och innovationsutveckling. De involverar också individer med mycket hög utbildningsnivå. Inkubatorföretagens prestation är generellt sämre än kontrollgruppens. De har tydligt sämre nettoomsättningsutveckling efter inkubation än kontrollgruppen. De företag i inkubatorer som deltar i NIP har däremot oftare bättre ekonomisk utveckling än företag i andra inkubatorer under perioden 2005–14, även om den sammantagna effekten innebär att NIP-företag fortfarande presterar sämre enligt flera variabler än kontrollgruppen. Inkubatorföretag, har också generellt sämre överlevnadsförmåga, men den korta undersökningstiden efter inkubation gör att detta resultat inte är entydigt. Rapporten gör ytterligare två analyser. Det har tidigare diskuterats vilken inriktning inkubatorprogrammen bör ha, om de bör inriktas mer mot forskningsinriktade idéer eller mer mot tillväxtorienterade och näringslivsinriktade idéer. Här pekar resultaten på både positiva och negativa effekter. Rapporten finner att idéer från individer med bakgrund i akademi eller offentliga verksamheter driver skillnaderna i prestation jämfört med kontrollgruppen. Sålunda är den ekonomiskt svaga utvecklingen till stor del beroende på idéer med akademisk/offentlig bakgrund, samtidigt som denna grupp driver på skillnader i en ökning av antalet anställda. Istället är företag med idéer med ursprung ur näringslivet mer lika i prestation som företag i kontrollgruppen. Den andra undersökta dimensionen rör skillnader i effekter för inkubatorer som erhållit, respektive inte erhållit, driftstöd i det så kallade BIG-programmet (Business Incubation for Growth) mellan 2011 och 2014. Analyserna visar att företag från inkubatorer med stöd från BIG presterar sämre än företag från inkubatorer utan BIG-stöd, vare sig BIG-stödda inkubatorer är bland de mest stödda inkubatorerna (”BIG6”) eller de med enbart driftsstöd.
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| 4. |
- Ejermo, Olof, et al.
(författare)
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How important are local inventive milieus: The role of birthplace, high school and university education
- 2015
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Ingår i: Geoforum. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-9398 .- 0016-7185. ; 65, s. 387-397
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using data on the entire population in combination with data on almost all individuals in Sweden listed as inventors, we study how the probability of being listed on a patent as inventor is influenced by the density of other future inventors residing in the same region. In this process, we control for demographic and sector effects along with the educational characteristics of parents. This approach allows us to trace how location history influences individuals' inventive capacity. We focus on three types of influences: (a) future inventors in the municipality around the time of birth, (b) future inventors around the time of graduation from high school and (c) future inventors at graduation from higher education. We find suggestive evidence that co-locating with future inventors may impact the probability of becoming an inventor. The most consistent effect is found for place of higher education; some positive effects are also evident from birthplace, whereas no consistent positive effect can be derived from individuals' high school location. Therefore, the formative influences mainly deriving from family upbringing, birth region and from local milieu effects arising from a conscious choice to attend a higher education affect the choice of becoming an inventor. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Ejermo, Olof, et al.
(författare)
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Liberalization of European migration and the immigration of skilled people to Sweden
- 2018
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Ingår i: IZA journal of development and migration. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 2520-1786. ; 8:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Migration policies can have a strong impact on the selection of immigrants, who in turn can affect the host country’s innovation development. This paper examines the effects of the liberalization of migration on the skill composition of immigrants from the EU-15 to Sweden after the inception of the European Economic Area (EEA) in 1994. We examine its effect on immigrants’ education levels and probability of becoming an inventor, comparing immigrants from the EU-15 with those from other developed regions in difference-in-differences regressions. The results show that the liberalization of migration had a negative effect on the educational profile of new EU-15 immigrants in the short run, but there is no such effect in the long run. Moreover, the liberalization of migration has no systematic effect on the EU-15 immigrants’ probability of becoming an inventor in neither the short nor the long run. These patterns are consistent with the theoretical implication that reduction in migration costs associated with the EEA mainly stimulated migration from the lower end of the education distribution.
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| 7. |
- Ejermo, Olof, et al.
(författare)
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University invention and the abolishment of the professor's privilege in Finland
- 2018
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333. ; 47:4, s. 814-825
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2007 Finland changed ownership rights to inventions from its employees - "the professor's privilege" - to universities. We investigate how this change affected academic patenting using new data on inventors and patenting in Finland for the period 1995-2010. Matched sample panel data regressions using difference-in-differences show that patenting by individuals dropped by at least 29 percent after 2007. Unlike other countries studied, in Finland the reform was known before implementation. Adding the period after announcement to the reform period increases the drop in academic patenting to 46 percent. Our and others' results call into question whether the European reform of the professor's privilege were good innovation policy.
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| 8. |
- Ejermo, Olof, et al.
(författare)
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What is the causal effect of R&D on patenting activity in a “professor’s privilege” country? Evidence from Sweden
- 2016
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Ingår i: Small Business Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0921-898X .- 1573-0913. ; 47, s. 677-694
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate the responsiveness of academic patenting to research and development (R&D) at the subject level at Swedish universities in panel data regressions. The general responsiveness to R&D is found to be higher than corresponding estimates in US studies, especially when we adopt instrumental variable techniques that address endogeneity in the R&D-to-patent relationship studied. We also find that this responsiveness is not associated with a lower quality of patents measured in terms of citations. A higher responsiveness from R&D to patenting is found in the fields of chemical engineering, chemistry (science), electrical engineering, electronics, and photonics, information technology, medicine, and microbiology than in other patenting fields. Our main result, that academia in Sweden contributes well to inventive activity, supports the view that the professor’s privilege—that university researchers themselves have ownership to their inventions—may be a contributing factor.
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| 9. |
- Fassio, Claudio, et al.
(författare)
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The effects of immigration on economic growth – a literature study
- 2018
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Ingår i: PM. ; :2018:07
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Immigration has positive effects on productivity and economic growth. However, highly educated immigrants tend to contribute more to these effects. The literature suggests that immigrants boost Sweden’s performance in international trade but that Sweden may lose out on some of the positive effects of immigration on innovation. In order for Sweden to remain attractive to foreign experts it might be necessary to reassess the Swedish tax relief for this group.
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| 10. |
- Zheng, Yannu, et al.
(författare)
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How do the foreign-born perform in inventive activity? Evidence from Sweden
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Population Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0933-1433 .- 1432-1475. ; 28:3, s. 659-695
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using a new database that matches patent applications by Swedish residents with demographic information from 1985 to 2007, we examine differences in inventive performance by individuals of foreign and domestic origins, in terms of quantity (probability of patenting, total number of patents per inventor) and quality (forward citations, probability of grant) of patents. We further compare adult and child immigrants with their Swedish-born counterparts. Holding other variables constant, we find that the immigrants are generally less likely to patent than the Swedish-born. Nonetheless, the general group of immigrant inventors, including those who migrated as adults, performs as well as the native inventors and therefore seems more positively selected. Compared with the Swedish-born, the immigrants who migrated as children are disadvantaged in both quantity and quality of patents, which may be linked to a lack of Sweden-specific human capital. Whether education was received in Sweden does not seem to make a difference for the immigrants who migrated as adults. In summary, this study provides an initial impression of the inventive performance, contribution and challenges of distinct groups of immigrants who have differing characteristics and backgrounds.
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