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- Harms-Ringdahl, K, et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of jet pilots' upper trapezius load calibrated to maximal voluntary contraction and a standardized load.
- 1996
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Ingår i: Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1050-6411 .- 1873-5711. ; 6:1, s. 67-72
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electromyographic (EMG) recording of the myoelectrical activity level in the trapezius muscle is often used as one method of assessing neck and shoulder muscle workload. To analyse how the normalization value influences interpretation of upper trapezius load during a work task, two different reference values for normalization were applied - one obtained during a maximum voluntary contraction (MVE) and the other during a standardized muscular load (RVE). Nine jet pilots (ages 30-48 yr) flew two sorties in a 37 Viggen aircraft using either of two types of head garment while 3-D acceleration and muscular activity were recorded. In each sortie twice in the programme a steep left turn at 5-6 +G(Z) was performed. The highest activity level (MVE) obtained during shoulder elevation combined with an isometric heavy resistance (maximum) against arm flexion/abduction was used as one normalization value. Before, between, and after the two flights, 15 s EMG recordings (RVE) during a dumbbell test in the same arm position were also taken. The muscular activity in the upper trapezius during a given task varied a great deal between individuals, but the reliability of the amplitude levels on different occasions during a work day was good, given the same electrode location and application. If muscular activity during a standardized loading force (e.g. dumbbell test) is used to normalize the recordings for workload assessments related to utilized muscular capacity, a subject with high muscular strength and comparatively low workload might in some situations be assessed as having the same workload as, or a higher load than a subject with less strength and a comparatively high workload. While normalization using a standardized force can be used to assess changes in workload, for assessing workload related to the individual's capacity recording the myoelectrical activity during maximal contraction is preferable.
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- Lindh, Gunnel, 1944-
(författare)
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Samtalet i studie- och yrkesvägledningsprocessen
- 1997
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study concerns the counselling interviews that take place in school between the guidance counsellor and student clients for the purpose of helping the clients make career choices. The main aim is to describe this encounter, with particular reference to the clients' possibility to make themselves heard. The interview sessions are analysed in accordance with three perspectives: the intentional, the interactional and the societal/institutional.The empirical data consists of seven video-recorded counselling sessions with students during their final year of the nine-year Swedish compulsory school. Additional data were obtained through tape-recorded interviews and stimulated recall sessions with comments by the actors.What would appear to be a process of making choices on rational grounds is shown to contain aspects of a more existential nature, as revealed through the clients' projects. By projects here is meant the meaning that can be ascribed to the participants actions. Diverse projects for obtaining and imparting information are mixed with more personal projects. Although the counsellors' individual projects tend to dominate the interview, there is room for the projects of both parties and clients can, at least to some extent, make themselves heard.Clients receive answers to their explicit questions, and also information they did not ask for. Whether this combination helps them to deal with their real problems depends on the counsellor's projects, strategy for selecting information, communicative competence, and knowledge of the field. The official goals do not in themselves constitute a hindrance to the client's possibility to make himself/herself heard, but the counsellor's interpretation of the goals and the schools' implementation of them may do so. The goals leave ample room for individual interpretation. The information most clients receive regarding education, occupations and working-life is a mixture of what they consider realistic but also what officialdom considers realistic, and clients are given little help to distinguish between these two perspectives. At the same time it is stressed that they must decide for themselves. Studies, educational programmes and admittance to upper secondary school are the dominating themes in the information provided. This information corresponds to one need of clients, but also shows that counselling interviews have an instrumental function.Two main strategies for selecting information were found: the exploratory and the informational. The informational strategy can be divided into two substrategies: giving the information asked for and giving information not asked for. Most often there is mixture of both strategies even if the focus is usually on one. It is only when counsellors use the exploratory strategy that the clients' needs can be fully expressed. The counsellor's communicative competence may be of crucial importance for the client's possibility to make himself/herself heard.
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- Lindvall, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Tillsättning av skolledare : Rörelser i tiden
- 1997
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vem blir skolledare i det svenska skolväsendet idag och hur har tillsättningsmönstret förändrats under de senaste 15 åren? I den här undersökningen har vi utgått från material kring skolledartillsättningar under åttiotalet och in på nittiotalet. Huvudvikten har lagts vid att studera vad som är bestående och vad som har förändrats i tillsättningsmönstret inom kommunerna med avseende på skolledares kön, erfarenhetsbakgrund och demografisk tillhörighet.Det mest tydliga mönstret är att det blivit fler kvinnor bland skolledarna. Ambitionen att utöka andelen kvinnor i skolledarkåren har således lyckats. Effekter av organisatoriska förändringar i landets kommunerna blir synliga i skolledartillsättningarna i början av nittiotalet. Nya yrkeskategorier med ledarerfarenhet från barnomsorg och fritidsverksamheter börjar ta plats bland skolledarna. Rapporten innehåller också en översikt av olika sätt att strukturera ledningsarbetet i skolan i olika länder i Europa. Yrket som skolledare håller på att ändra karaktär och i rapporten beskrivs hur nya krav bidragit till att höja förväntningar på skolans ledare
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