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| 3. |
- Caretta, Martina Angela, et al.
(författare)
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Water
- 2022
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Ingår i: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability : Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change - Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 4. |
- Dinc, Pinar, et al.
(författare)
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Fighting Insurgency, Ruining the Environment : the Case of Forest Fires in the Dersim Province of Turkey
- 2021
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Ingår i: Human Ecology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1572-9915 .- 0300-7839. ; 49:4, s. 481-493
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Environmental destruction has long been used as a military strategy in times of conflict. A long-term example of environmental destruction in a conflict zone can be found in Dersim/Tunceli province, located in Eastern Turkey. In the last century, at least two military operations negatively impacted Dersim’s population and environment: 1937–38 and 1993–94. Both conflict and environmental destruction in the region continued after the 1990s. Particularly after July 2015, when the brief peace process that began in 2013 ended, conflict between the Turkish state and the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) resumed and questions arose about the cause of forest fires in Dersim. In this research we investigate whether there is a relationship between conflict and forest fires in Dersim. This is denied by the Turkish state but asserted by many Dersim residents, civil society groups, and political parties. We use a multi-disciplinary approach, combining methods of qualitative analysis of print media (newspapers), social media (Twitter), and local accounts, together with quantitative methods: remote sensing and spatial analysis. Interdisciplinary analysis combining quantitative datasets with in-depth, qualitative data allows a better understanding of the role of conflict in potentially exacerbating the frequency and severity of forest fires. Although we cannot determine the cause of the fires, the results of our statistical analysis suggest a significant relationship between fires and conflict in Dersim, indicating that the incidence of conflicts is generally correlated with the number of fires.
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| 5. |
- Eklund, Annika, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Building “common knowledge” when responding to major road tunnel incidents : an inter-organisational focus group study
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Journal of Emergency Services. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 2047-0894 .- 2047-0908. ; 12:2, s. 145-160
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – Major incidents in tunnel environment will pose several challenges for the emergency service organisations in terms of heat, visibility and lack of experiences from working in confined environments. These aspects, in turn, could pose challenges to establish collaboration. This study aims to contribute to the field of collaborative tunnel responses by exploring how “common knowledge” (Edwards, 2011) is built by the emergency services organisations, that is, what the organisations consider important while working on a potentially common problem, and their motives for the interpretations and actions if a major tunnel incident occurs.Design/methodology/approach – Participants from the road traffic control centre, emergency dispatch centre, emergency medical service, rescue service and police were included in the study. Data from four focus group sessions was analysed using thematic analysis.Findings – The study revealed that the tunnel environment presents specific aspects of how common knowledge was produced related to lifesaving and safety. The themes structuring mechanisms to reduce uncertainty, managing information for initial priorities, aligning responsibilities without hampering eachother’s work and adjusting actions to manage distance, illustrated how common knowledge was producedas crucial aspects to a collaborative response. Organising management sites, grasping and communicating risks, accessing the injury victims, was challenged by the confined environment, physical distances and imbalance in access to information and preparedness activities in tunnel environments.Originality/value – This study offers new insights of common knowledge, by illustrating a motive perspective on collaborative responses in tunnel incidents. Creating interoperability calls not just for readiness for action and tunnel safety, but also training activities acknowledging different interpretations and motives to further develop tunnel responses.
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| 6. |
- Eklund, Annika, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring focus group discussions for building knowledge across emergency services organisations : a foundation for road tunnel incidents responses and future research?
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Conference on Work Integrated Learning. - Trollhättan : University West. - 9789189325302 ; , s. 65-67
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Introduction and aimRoad tunnels are important parts of today’s infrastructure and society, but also with potential for many injured in case of an incident and a challenging work environment for emergency services organisations. If a mass-casualty incident (MCI) occurs in a road tunnel, specific challenges in terms of safety, heat, smoke, long distances to the injured and lack of and contradictory information will impact the response and how collaboration is established (Holgersson et al., 2020; Lockey et al., 2005). In addition, sharing information during responses is, however, often limited due to the lack of knowledge and understanding of each other’s work processes at an individual and organisational level (Sederholm et al., 2021). A key for collaboration here is a good understanding of how their own, and collaborative organisations interpret and operate in a potentially shared task (Edwards, 2012; Wolbers et al., 2017). Thus, the road tunnel environment is one area where research has pointed to the need for a shared understanding of incidents across the organisations (Casse & Caroly, 2019) and for arenas facilitating exchange of experiences and reflections upon work procedures to develop collaboration (Njå & Svela, 2018; Hylander et al., 2022). This calls for activities that could stimulate work-integrated learning. While exercises and simulations are valuable in enhancing response preparedness, the perceived effects have been reported to vary in terms of learning and usefulness (see e.g., Roud et al., 2021). In addition, exercises and simulations are expensive and time consuming, calling for alternative but still effective learning activities for developing collaboration. This abstract aim to present and critically explore an innovative learning activity for development of joint knowledge to improve MCI response in road tunnel environments.Design and participants The learning activity analysed for this abstract was a series of four focus groups á 4 to 4,5 hours, conducted online in a region of Sweden. The overall aim of the series was to share experiences and develop joint knowledge across emergency organisations in tunnel environments. The participants in the focus groups represented the organisations that typically respond to tunnel incidents, i.e., ambulance service (EMS), police service, rescue service, Swedish Transport Administration (RTCC, Trafikverket) and emergency dispatch center (EDC, SOS Alarm) (Table 1). The study participants had extensive work experience within their organisations and are expected to have a tactical or operational management function in a major response.Table 1 not included in this abstractThe researchers designed the focus group series with the intention to alternate experiences, with procedural, conceptual and practical elements. The study used a partly participatory design. For this study, rather than being co-interpreters of the results, the participants were involved to shape the sessions content and questions to be discussed in ways they found valuable (Baum et al., 2005). The researchers built the following session from what the participants had asked for, discussed, or found challenging in the prior sessions. One week in advance, the overarching theme, goal, and suggestions for discussion questions for the session, and a summary of bullet points from the previous session, was sent out to the participants. Session I was set out to be an open discussion to familiarize themselves with each other’s ways of working, and to discern the participants’ understandings of specific challenges and needs for responses in tunnels, but also to illuminate the impact of internal decisions and actions for saving lives safely. The first approximate 20 minutes was discussed as crucial for establishing a tunnel response, which is why this phase was focused on during Session II: a best-practice discussion based on the initial 20 minutes of a full-scaled exercise where several of the participants had been involved. Information gathering and sharing was highlighted as both crucial and challenging, which lead to the research group introducing and participants discussing practical implications of concepts of “situational awareness” in Session III. Session IV was a ‘digital exercise’ based on a crash and vehicle fire in a tunnel, aiming to wrap up the identified challenges and practicing information sharing and management during the initial 20 minutes of the response.The analysis was conducted as critical discussions in the research group, in-between the sessions and when the full series was conducted, set out to identify potential strengths and weaknesses/challenges of the design and content for knowledge development. The results will present the preliminary findings and contributions.Results The analysis performed for this abstract found that the focus groups series ha s strengths and weaknesses/challenges to build knowledge across organisations regarding potential MCI road tunnel responses. First, the opportunity to discuss the same questions from four “basis”/perspectives, including presenting the organisations own perspectives and exercise experiences, a theoretical concept, and a practical moment was a strength. However, rather than a progression of learning (such as becoming more effective in information sharing), the design primarily allowed analysis of a deeper and more complex understanding of the overall question of joint and timely responses. Second, the iterative and participatory design was a strength in terms of that the sessions could to some extent focus on the issues the participants highlighted. By using this method, the participants also had the possibility to reflect upon prior and upcoming sessions (Baum et al., 2006). This could, however, be a limitation for comparing results across different groups if the issues of concern diverge too much.Third, the focus groups could contribute to the organisations’ knowledge development across practices, such as identifying specifically critical moments when establishing a response or sharing thoughts about safety. Using this design could be a complement to the typical focus on actions in exercises and training (Roud et al., 2021). In addition, the nature of focus group data provides opportunities to analyse interactions (Wilkinson, 2021). Still, how the knowledge developed could be further implemented in and across the organisations remains unknown and needs further consideration in research and practice.Fourth, the focus groups were effective for researchers to explore how knowledge is shared and possible contradictions in interpretations and actions. This approach is valuable for developing knowledge in cross-practice collaborations (Edwards, 2012). Including materials from a full-scale exercise and a practical digital exercise was valuable due to the obvious connection to their work tasks and potential challenges, and to contextualize their learning. Further, the amount and various types of data obtained from each session, such as discussing a theoretical concept and a practical exercise moment, could pose challenges for analysis. However, including both structured discussions and practical exercises as stimuli could strengthen the internal validity of the findings (e.g., reduce the discrepancies between what they say they do and what they actually do).Fifth, using online meetings was time-effective (and safe during the COVID-19 pandemic), allowing participants and researchers to work from where they choose. However, the online setting produced primarily a dialogue between moderator and participants, with less initiatives for dialogues between participants. It co uld be valuable to further evaluate the design in physical meetings. Moreover, it was easier to drop out or pop out, to simultaneously manage other work tasks, from online meetings compared to physical meetings.ConclusionIn conclusion, we would here argue that using inter-organisational focus groups, that acknowledge participants needs for learning and providing various stimuli to engage in a shared problem, can contribute to knowledge development for future tunnel responses. Research and practice should further explore how various interpretations and actions can be used to improve strategies, communication and organizational changes. Further research could 67 also explore how discussion-based learning activities can be used as a platform to develop and main tain collaborative learning networks, and as a complement to exercises and simulations.
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| 7. |
- Eklund, Annika, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Situational awareness during a full-scale exercise in an underground mine : A qualitative single-case study of the ambulance incident commander
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Emergency Nursing. - : Elsevier. - 1755-599X .- 1878-013X. ; 54
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- INTRODUCTION: Underground environments present challenges for providing and managing effective emergency care. Situational awareness (SA) has been suggested as a critical process to the management of care.AIM: This study aims to explore the process of SA in the tasks of an ambulance incident commander (AIC) during a fullscale underground mine exercise.METHODS: Data consisted of video recordings, audiotapes and fieldnotes; these were subjected to content analysis based on the categories from the Busby Theory of Situational Awareness in Multi-casualty Incidents.RESULTS: The results show that the underground mining environment presented the AIC with specific challenges for the SA process with respect to aspects such as situational information about the scene and the victims, as well as with making decisions for ambulance personnel so they could perform their work safely, and having a structured manner to counteract information overload. Both technical and non-technical aspects influenced the process.CONCLUSION: The AIC's situational awareness was largely built through coordinated communications and actions with collaborating actors. The results of this study can be used for further exploration of how to train and support people in medical leadership roles on aspects of SA in emergency care, as well as on how to evaluate educational outcomes through exercises.
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| 8. |
- Eklund Heinonen, Maria, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Respons i fokus : Lärares normer och attityder till andraspråksdrag i studenttexter
- 2023
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Ingår i: Högre Utbildning. - : Cappelen Damm Akademisk. - 2000-7558. ; 13:3, s. 14-28
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For two decades, it has been a statutory provision in the Higher Education Act to strive for widening participation. This has led to new and more diverse student groups, one of which being students with a mother tongue other than Swedish. Recurrently, their writing ability tends to be focused in the debate. In the field of Academic Literacies, writing is considered to be a socio-culturally rooted practice, in which teachers’ attitudes strongly impact the writing process. This article presents a study of teachers’ attitudes towards second language students’ writing, aiming to shed light on norms and conditions surrounding L2 students’ academic writing. Teachers’ written feedback concerning linguistic features has been analysed based on theories on feedback practices. The same teachers have also been interviewed regarding their feed-back, using stimulated recall-technique. The results show that the teachers’ feedback reflect different perspectives on the writing process, as well as their own role in the education system. In sum, the study shows that the lack of collegial consensus allows for parallel norms to exist, which results in the students within the same educational program being exposed to a wide range of expectations regarding how texts ought to be written.
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| 9. |
- Eklund, Lina, 1982-
(författare)
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A Shoe Is a Shoe Is a Shoe : Interpersonalization and Meaning-making in Museums - Research Findings and Design Implications
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction. - : TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC. - 1044-7318 .- 1532-7590. ; 36:16, s. 1503-1513
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Digital technology is increasingly used to enhance museum experiences for visitors. Concurrently, research shows that people seldom visit museums alone, yet design often focusses on creating individual experiences. This article addresses this conundrum by examining visitor's social interaction and meaning-making in museums in order to provide empirical results actionable for design. It does so through an ethnographic approach combining observations and extended focus group interviews in an analogue museum. Results highlight how museums are social spaces, made so by active participant visitors. Processes of social meaning-making occur as visitors draw on objects in social identity-making and recontextualization - linking the past to the present -, play, share knowledge, and engage in embodied practices. The study suggests shifting from designing personalized towardinterpersonalexperiences. Four design sensitivities are presented: Interpersonalized meaning-making, playful sociality, social information sharing, and social movement.
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| 10. |
- Eklund, Lina, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Beyond a dichotomous understanding of online anonymity : bridging the macro and micro level
- 2022
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Ingår i: Sociological Research Online. - : Sage Publications. - 1360-7804. ; 27:2, s. 486-503
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Anonymity on the Internet is a contentious issue; by some seen as an important freedom to be protected, while others argue for increased identification to protect groups at risk of exploitation. The debate reflects a dichotomous view of online anonymity; you are, or you are not anonymous. However, anonymity is a complex process played out on different levels and defined by various actors. While empirical studies show this, theoretical synthesis is lacking. This essay provides perspective on anonymity online by comparing two critical cases, online auctions and online gaming, we corroborate results from a 4-year interdisciplinary project with researchers from sociology, economics, and computer and system sciences. We argue that one should talk about anonymities in plural form, as online anonymity is not a state but a relational process. We put forth a conceptual model, which unpacks online anonymity as interdependent macro structures – legal, commercial, and technological – and micro/meso facets – factual, social group, and physical – to be used in future research.
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