| 1. |
- Eriksen, Anne Kirstine, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of whole-grain wheat, rye, and lignan supplementation on cardiometabolic risk factors in men with metabolic syndrome: A randomized crossover trial
- 2020
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Ingår i: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0002-9165 .- 1938-3207. ; 111:4, s. 864-876
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A whole-grain (WG)-rich diet has shown to have potential for both prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is a cluster of risk factors that increase the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Different WGs may have different health effects. WG rye, in particular, may improve glucose homeostasis and blood lipids, possibly mediated through fermentable dietary fiber and lignans. Recent studies have also suggested a crucial role of the gut microbiota in response to WG. Objectives: The aim was to investigate WG rye, alone and with lignan supplements [secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG)], and WG wheat diets on glucose tolerance [oral-glucose-tolerance test (OGTT)], other cardiometabolic outcomes, enterolignans, and microbiota composition. Moreover, we exploratively evaluated the role of gut microbiota enterotypes in response to intervention diets. Methods: Forty men with MetS risk profile were randomly assigned to WG diets in an 8-wk crossover study. The rye diet was supplemented with 280 mg SDG at weeks 4-8. Effects of treatment were evaluated by mixed-effects modeling, and effects on microbiota composition and the role of gut microbiota as a predictor of response to treatment were analyzed by random forest plots. Results: The WG rye diet (± SDG supplements) did not affect the OGTT compared with WG wheat. Total and LDL cholesterol were lowered (-0.06 and -0.09 mmol/L, respectively; P < 0.05) after WG rye compared with WG wheat after 4 wk but not after 8 wk. WG rye resulted in higher abundance of Bifidobacterium [fold-change (FC) = 2.58, P < 0.001] compared with baseline and lower abundance of Clostridium genus compared with WG wheat (FC = 0.54, P = 0.02). The explorative analyses suggest that baseline enterotype is associated with total and LDL-cholesterol response to diet. Conclusions: WG rye, alone or with SDG supplementation, compared with WG wheat did not affect glucose metabolism but caused transient LDL-cholesterol reduction. The effect of WG diets appeared to differ according to enterotype. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02987595.
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| 2. |
- Gylling, Anne Theil, et al.
(författare)
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The influence of prolonged strength training upon muscle and fat in healthy and chronically diseased older adults
- 2020
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Ingår i: Experimental Gerontology. - : Elsevier. - 0531-5565 .- 1873-6815. ; 136
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Physical muscle function and brain hippocampus size declines with age, accelerating after the age of 60. Strength training over a few months improves physical function, but less is known about how long-term strength training affects physical function and hippocampus volume. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of 1-year strength training of two different intensities upon muscle mass, function, and hippocampus volume in retirement-age individuals.Methods: In this multidisciplinary randomized controlled trial (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02123641), participants were allocated to either a) supervised, heavy resistance training (HRT, n = 149, 3/wk), b) moderate intensity resistance training (MIT, n = 154, 3/wk) or c) non-exercise activities (CON, n = 148). 451 participants were randomized (62-70 yrs., women 61%, approximate to 80% with a chronic medical disease) and 419 were included in the intention-to-treat analysis (n = 143, 144 and 132; HRT, MIT and CON). Changes in muscle power (primary outcome), strength and size, physical function, body composition, hippocampus volume and physical/mental well-being were analyzed.Findings: Of the participants (HRT + MIT), 83% completed training at least 2/week. Leg extensor power was unchanged in all groups, but strength training had a positive effect on isometric knee extensor strength in both groups, whereas an increased muscle mass, cross-sectional area of vastus lateralis muscle, a decreased whole-body fat percentage, visceral fat content and an improved mental health (SF-36) occurred in HRT only. Further, chair-stand performance improved in all groups, whereas hippocampus volume decreased in all groups over time with no influence of strength training.Interpretation: Together, the results indicate that leg extensor power did not respond to long-term supervised strength training, but this type of training in a mixed group of healthy and chronically diseased elderly individuals can be implemented with good compliance and induces consistent changes in physiological parameters of muscle strength, muscle mass and abdominal fat.
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| 3. |
- Karlsson, Per Erik, et al.
(författare)
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The vulnerability of northern European vegetation to ozone damage in a changing climate An assessment based on current knowledge
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The potential vulnerability of vegetation at northern latitudes to ozone damage was assessed based on current knowledge with regard to air ozone concentrations and leaf ozone uptake as well as to plant traits affecting ozone tolerance. The focus was on the northern European arctic, alpine and northern boreal vegetation zones, with a special focus on high-altitude vegetation. In particular, we analysed if there are increasing risks for ozone impacts on northern vegetation due to high spring ozone concentrations in relation to climate change induced shifts such as e.g. an earlier start of the growing season. The ozone concentrations in these regions are characterized by the influence of a combination of conditions caused by high latitudes and high altitudes. Ozone concentrations increase with altitude and the difference in ozone concentrations between day and night are smaller at high-altitude and high-latitude sites. Summer periods with long daylight conditions potentially promote the leaf ozone uptake through the open stomata. The aims of this report were: • To assess the current state of knowledge regarding the potential vulnerability of far northern vegetation to ozone damage, today and in the future • To provide advice for policy implications regarding necessary ozone precursor emission abatement • To provide advice for future research and monitoring of ozone impacts on the vegetation at northern latitudes Ongoing environmental changes affecting far northern latitude ecosystems were reviewed. Current and novel methods were described for how to estimate the time of year during which the ozone exposure for vegetation should be accumulated. Time trends for ozone concentrations at northern latitudes were analysed. Ozone episodes with high concentrations at far northern latitudes were described. Source attributions of northern ozone concentrations were analysed. Environmental conditions at far northern latitudes that might be important for ozone damage were evaluated. Plant traits that can influence the ozone vulnerability were discussed. Current experimental results for ozone injury on northern plant species were evaluated. Future scenarios for ozone impact on northern vegetation were discussed. Some important results from the analyses are described below. At high altitudes and high latitudes, the ozone concentrations are relatively similar during day- and night-time. Furthermore, at high latitudes, the long daylight duration during the summer has the potential to increase the duration of the daily period with plant gas exchange and leaf ozone uptake. Therefore, the absorption of ozone through the stomata may potentially be higher at northern latitudes. However, measurements of light intensity and quality at northern sites in combination with a simple calculation example illustrated that this probably was not the case, since the potential added ozone uptake in the early morning and late evening at northern sites may be cancelled out by a lower ozone uptake in the middle of the day, as compared to southern sites. Both data on budburst and data on ecosystem CO2 exchange as well as meteorological observations show that there has been a development towards an earlier start of the growing season during the year, with approximately 0.5 – 1 day per year. Thus, there is clear evidence for an earlier start of the growing season, which is likely to continue. However, the timing of the spring ozone maximum is also shifted towards earlier in the year. There is presently no evidence for an increasing overlap between the growing season and the ozone peak. Despite this, there is a potential for increased ozone uptake to vegetation in spring due to the earlier growing start of vegetation and increased uptake of ozone to vegetation in May. The impact of this on the accumulated phytotoxic ozone dose for northern vegetation needs to be investigated further. The overall conclusions about the present and near future ozone vulnerability of northern vegetation were: • There remain uncertainties regarding to what extent northern vegetation is affected by ozone exposure. • According to current knowledge, we could not find evidence that expected changes in ozone concentrations and climate would make the northern arctic, alpine and subalpine vegetation substantially more vulnerable to ozone than other types of European vegetation. • The risk of significant and lasting negative impact of the current exposure to ozone on northern boreal forests is most likely not greater than for boreonemoral and nemoral forests in southern Fennoscandia. • However, peak ozone concentrations occurring in spring and early summer may affect vegetation at northern latitudes in Fennoscandia since the start of the growing season in the future may occur earlier during the year. The policy implications that can be derived from these conclusions were: • The current state of knowledge implies that ecosystems in the far north are not more susceptible to ozone than vegetation in other parts of Europe. Hence, we cannot advocate for a stronger reduction of ozone precursors emissions based exclusively on the ozone sensitivity of vegetation in the far north. • Policies designed to reduce emissions of ozone precursors to protect vegetation in other parts of Europe as well as in the entire northern hemisphere are likely to suffice to protect vegetation in northern Fennoscandia. There are important remaining knowledge gaps. Our conclusions are based on important, but limited observations. Experimental evidence from investigations specifically designed to study ozone sensitivity of high-altitude vegetation in northern Europe are to a large extent lacking. It is recommended that further experimental research is undertaken to directly compare the ozone sensitivity of plants of high-latitude/high-altitude origin with that of plants (species, genotypes) representative of regions of the southern part of the Nordic region. This research should include the characteristics of the high-latitude climate and other conditions. A specific research question is if the new ozone critical levels for European vegetation based on PODYSPEC (Mapping Manual, 2017) are correct, both regarding calculation methodology as well as impact assessments? In particular, there is a lack of information about the degree of stomata closure during nights in high-latitude area plants. This is important for the modelling of ozone uptake (dry deposition) in these areas and requires coordinated measurement campaigns in close cooperation with modelers. Further research questions may be related to the future development of the northern regions – e.g. oil and gas extraction including flaring, shipping, more tourism and climate change – how will that affect the ozone exposure of in the northern vegetation? Do future ozone precursor emission scenarios describe this correctly? Will warm and dry summers like 2018 become more frequent in connection with climate change, and how will this affect ozone impacts on vegetation? There are currently very few, long term ozone monitoring stations in the arctic and alpine vegetation zones, in particular at high altitudes. Given the expected increase in anthropogenic activities in these areas in combination with climate change, it is strongly recommended to increase the number of high-altitude ozone monitoring sites in these regions.
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| 4. |
- Thiel Gylling, Anne, et al.
(författare)
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Maintenance of muscle strenght following a one-year resistance training program in older adults
- 2020
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Ingår i: Experimental Gerontology. - : Elsevier. - 0531-5565 .- 1873-6815. ; 139
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Muscle mass, strength and function declines with advancing age. Strength training (ST) improves these parameters in older adults, but the gains often disappear after completion of a short-term intervention. The purpose of the present study was to investigate muscle mass, -strength and -function one year after the com-pletion of a successful long-term (12 months) supervised ST program in older adults.Method: Men and women (n = 419, age: 62–70 years) completed one year of supervised heavy resistance training (HRT, n = 143) or moderate intensity resistance training (MIT, n = 144) and were compared to a non- exercising control group (CON, n = 132). At 1-year follow-up, 398 participants returned for measurements of muscle power, -strength and -mass, physical function, body composition, hippocampus volume and physical/ mental well-being. The results were compared to pre-training (baseline) and post-training (1-year) values. Further, the participants from the two previous training groups (HRT + MIT, n = 265) were divided into 1) those who on their own continued the ST program (> 9 months) the year after completion of the supervised ST program (CONTIN, n = 65) and 2) those who stopped during the follow-up year (< 9 months) (STOP, n = 200).Results: Out of all the improvements obtained after the 1-year training intervention, only knee extensor muscle strength in HRT was preserved at 1-year follow-up (p < 0.0001), where muscle strength was 7% higher than baseline. Additionally, the decrease in muscle strength over the second year was lower in CONTIN than in STOP with decreases of 1% and 6%, respectively (p < 0.05). Only in CONTIN was the muscle strength still higher at 1- year follow-up compared with baseline with a 14% increase (p < 0.0001). The heavy strength training induced increase in whole-body lean mass was erased at 1-year follow-up. However, there was a tendency for main-tenance of the cross-sectional area of m. vastus lateralis from baseline to 1-year follow-up in HRT compared with CON (p = 0.06). Waist circumference decreased further over the second year in CONTIN, whereas it increased in STOP (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Even though long-term strength training effectively improved muscle function and other health parameters in older adults, only knee extensor muscle strength was preserved one year after completion of heavy (but not moderate intensity) resistance training. Continuation of strength training resulted in better maintenance of muscle strength and health, which indicates that it is required to continue with physical activity to benefit from the long-term effects of strength training upon muscle function and health in older men and women.
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