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- Eriksson Baaz, Maria, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Knowing Masculinities in Armed Conflict?: Reflections from Research in the Democratic Republic of Congo
- 2018
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Ingår i: The Oxford handbook of gender and conflict / edited by Fionnuala Ní Aoláin, Naomi Cahn, Dina Francesca Haynes and Nahla Valji.. - Oxford : Oxford University Press. - 9780199300983 ; , s. 532-545
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Drawing on interviews and ethnographic fieldwork with members of the Congolese military, this chapter explores conceptions of militarized masculinity, particularly in the context of sexual violence perpetrated by Congolese government forces during the protracted conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The chapter opens with a review of the feminist research regarding the interconnectedness of gender, militarization, and war, comparing these theories with the conceptions of masculinity articulated by Congolese soldiers. While portions of the interviews were consistent with prevailing research framings, the chapter documents various points of dissonance. These include differences in the articulation of what characteristics make one a “good soldier”; the recurring articulations of vulnerability and failure; and a perception of rape as the action of an emasculated man. The chapter concludes with the authors’ reflection on their experience carrying out their research and the ethics of research in a post-colonial context.
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| 3. |
- Eriksson Baaz, Maria, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Navigating 'taxation' on the Congo River: the interplay of legitimation and 'officialisation'
- 2018
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Ingår i: Review of African Political Economy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0305-6244 .- 1740-1720. ; 45:156, s. 250-266
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Based on comprehensive research among boat operators and navy personnel working on the Congo River (DRC), this article explores how assessments of 'taxation' are shaped by the interplay of legitimation and 'officialisation'. As such, it draws upon and contributes to scholarly debates on taxpayers' attitudes towards taxation. While boat operators resent having to pay a plethora of authorities, including the navy, along the Congo River, the article demonstrates how they locate these 'taxes' on a spectrum from more to less legitimate. These assessments are shaped by various factors: authorities' legitimacy as 'measured' by their official mandate and importance; public and non-official service provision; and the deployment of symbols of 'stateness'. In interaction, these factors legitimise and 'officialise' 'taxes' by the navy that are prohibited in legislation. These findings caution against the a priori use of the labels official' and 'non-official', emphasising the need to better grasp these notions' emic understandings.
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| 5. |
- Eriksson Baaz, Maria, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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What Can We/Do We Want to Know? : Reflections from Researching SGBV in Military Settings
- 2018
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Ingår i: Social Politics. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1072-4745 .- 1468-2893. ; 25:4, s. 521-544
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article explores methodological challenges that arose in two perpetrator-centered research projects on sexual and gender-based violence in two different armed forces contexts: the British Army and the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Congo. We examine how the interplay between research subjects’, in this case perpetrators’, performances and our own desires and investments as researchers shape the knowledge we produce. Ultimately, we seek to encourage continuing (self)critical discussions on how various discursive framings and ethico-political desires shape the stories we hear as well as those that we tell.
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| 6. |
- Olsson, Ola, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Tolling on the River: Trade and Informal Taxation on the Congo
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- It is by now generally agreed that government corruption is a serious impediment to economic growth. An intensive use of informal tolls and bribes on roads and waterways still prevail in several developing countries, hampering trade and economic development. On the basis of a general model of a trader travelling downstream past multiple stations and taxing authorities, we study the extent and magnitude of informal taxation on traders in Democratic Republic of Congo. River Congo is arguably one of the most important transportation routes in Africa in one of the world’s poorest countries. We show that informal tax payments per individual journey still make up about 14 percent of the variable costs and 9 times the monthly salary of a public official. Price discrimination in taxing is present in the sense that the value of the cargo is the main determinant of informal taxes paid whereas personal or other characteristics do not seem to have a strong impact. In line with hold-up theory, the average level of informal taxation tends to increase downstream closer to Kinshasa, but authorities that were explicitly banned from taxing instead extract more payments upstream.
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| 7. |
- Rittner, C., et al.
(författare)
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Why teach?
- 2016
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Ingår i: Teaching About Rape in War and Genocide. - : Palgrave Macmillan. - 9781137499158 ; , s. 8-25
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The importance of teaching about rape in war and genocide is intensiied because that atrocity has become a strategy used intentionally by combatants to harm individuals and destroy communities. hese utterly destructive atrocities cannot be curbed or prevented unless people are educated about them. Teaching about rape in war and genocide deinitely needs to be done, but it cannot be done well apart from critical relection about aims and assumptions, prospects and pitfalls. What hopes and expectations motivate teachers to enter this rugged terrain? Can teaching about rape in war and genocide help to curb or eliminate such atrocities? Questions such as these govern the relections and suggestions about teaching in this chapter. © The Editor(s) 2016. All rights reserved.
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- Roth, J. K., et al.
(författare)
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How should one teach?
- 2016
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Ingår i: Teaching About Rape in War and Genocide. - : Palgrave Macmillan. - 9781137499165 ; , s. 64-84
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Teaching about rape in war and genocide does not fit neatly within the conventional disciplinary boundaries that typically govern curricula and teacher training. The challenge, then, is how to teach in ways that take advantage of disciplinary expertise while still understanding that every disciplinary approach has shortcomings and none will be sufficient alone. This chapter illustrates how particular perspectives and disciplinary orientations enhance good teaching and sound learning about rape in war and genocide. It also shows how interdisciplinary approaches are necessary for that outcome. In addition, the chapter underscores that the teacher's individual identity and teaching style will greatly affect the impact on students. © The Editor(s) 2016. All rights reserved.
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| 9. |
- Stern, Maria, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Curious erasures: the sexual in wartime sexual violence
- 2018
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Ingår i: International feminist journal of politics. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1461-6742 .- 1468-4470. ; 20:3, s. 295-314
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wartime sexual violence is especially egregious precisely because it is a sexual form of violence that causes particular harms. Yet, curiously, and in contrast to feminist theory on sexual violence more generally, the sexual has been erased from frames of understanding in dominant accounts of wartime rape. This article places the seeming certainty that “wartime rape is not about sex (it’s about power/violence)” under critical scrutiny and poses questions about the stakes of the erasure of the sexual in explanations of conflict-related sexual violence. It argues that the particular urgency that accompanies this erasure reflects the workings of familiar distinctions between war and peace, as well as efforts to clearly recognize violence and separate it from sex. Erasing the sexual from accounts of wartime rape thus ultimately reinscribes the normal and the exceptional as separate, and reproduces a reductive notion of heterosexual masculine sex (in peacetime) that is ontologically different from the violence of war.
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| 10. |
- Stern, Maria, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Research in the Rape Capital of the World: Fame and Shame
- 2015
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Ingår i: Masquerades of War. - New York : Routledge. - 9781138810693 ; , s. 197-206
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This collection explores the concepts and practices of masquerade as they apply to concepts and practices of war. The contributors insist that masquerades are everyday aspects of the politics, praxis, and experiences of war, while also discovering that finding masquerades and tracing how they work with war is hardly simple. With a range of theories, innovative methodologies, and contextual binoculars, masquerade emerges as a layered and complex phenomenon. It can appear as state deception, lie, or camouflage, as in the population-centric American warfare in Iraq that was sold as good for the local people, or the hidden violence Russian military forces used on each other and on local men in Chechnya. Masquerade can also be part of a people's war logic as exemplified by the Maoist movement in India. Yet masquerade can also be understood as a normal social mask that people don to foreground an identity or belief from one's cluttered repertoire in order to gain agency. Elements of masquerade can appear in texts that proclaim seemingly unequivocal positions while simultaneously yet subtly suggesting opposing positions. Masquerades of all kinds also seem ubiquitous in fieldwork research and in resistance movements in war zones. Perhaps masquerade, though, is ultimately the denial of death lurking behind the clarion call of security, a call that bolsters war by making militarized policing normal to secure populations from terrorists. These interpretations and others comprise Masquerades of War. This book will be of much interest to students of critical war studies, critical security, conflict studies and IR in general.
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