| 1. |
- Arriaga, Patricia, et al.
(författare)
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Are the effects of unreal violent video games pronounced when playing with a virtual reality system?
- 2008
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Ingår i: Aggressive Behavior. - : Wiley. - 0096-140X .- 1098-2337. ; 34:5, s. 521-538
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study was conducted to analyze the short‐term effects of violent electronic games, played with or without a virtual reality (VR) device, on the instigation of aggressive behavior. Physiological arousal (heart rate (HR)), priming of aggressive thoughts, and state hostility were also measured to test their possible mediation on the relationship between playing the violent game (VG) and aggression. The participants—148 undergraduate students—were randomly assigned to four treatment conditions: two groups played a violent computer game (Unreal Tournament), and the other two a non‐violent game (Motocross Madness), half with a VR device and the remaining participants on the computer screen. In order to assess the game effects the following instruments were used: a BIOPAC System MP100 to measure HR, an Emotional Stroop task to analyze the priming of aggressive and fear thoughts, a self‐report State Hostility Scale to measure hostility, and a competitive reaction‐time task to assess aggressive behavior. The main results indicated that the violent computer game had effects on state hostility and aggression. Although no significant mediation effect could be detected, regression analyses showed an indirect effect of state hostility between playing a VG and aggression.
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| 2. |
- Arriaga, Patricia, et al.
(författare)
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Violent computer games and their effects on state hostility and psychophysiological arousal
- 2006
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Ingår i: Aggressive Behavior. - : Wiley. - 0096-140X .- 1098-2337. ; 32:2, s. 146-158
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An experimental study was conducted to investigate the impact of violent computer games on state hostility, state anxiety and arousal. Participants were undergraduate students, aged from 18 to 25 years. Before the experimental sessions, participants filled in self-report measures concerning their video game habits and were also pre-tested for aggressiveness and trait anxiety. Physiological responses (heart rate and skin conductance) were measured during the experiment. After playing, information about state hostility and state anxiety was collected. The results showed that participants who played the violent game reported significantly higher state hostility, and support the assumption that an aggressive personality moderates the effect of playing a violent game on state hostility.
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| 3. |
- Calvo, Manuel, et al.
(författare)
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Detection of emotional faces : low perceptual thresholds and wide attentional span
- 2005
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Ingår i: Visual cognition (Print). - : Informa UK Limited. - 1350-6285 .- 1464-0716. ; 12:1, s. 13-27
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In two experiments, prime face stimuli with an emotional or a neutral expression were presented individually for 25 to 125 ms, either in foveal or parafoveal vision; following a mask, a probe face or a word label appeared for recognition. Accurate detection and sensitivity (A') were higher for angry, happy, and sad faces than for nonemotional (neutral) or novel (scheming) faces at short exposure times (25-75 ms), in both the foveal and the parafoveal field, and with both the probe face and the probe word. These results indicate that there is a low perceptual threshold for unambiguous emotional faces, which are especially likely to be detected both within and outside the focus of attention; and that this facilitated detection involves processing of the affective meaning of faces, not only discrimination of formal visual features.
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| 4. |
- Carneiro, Paula, et al.
(författare)
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Analyzing false memories in children with associative lists specific for their age
- 2007
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Ingår i: Child Development. - : Wiley. - 0009-3920 .- 1467-8624. ; 78:4, s. 1171-1185
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two experiments attempted to resolve previous contradictory findings concerning developmental trends in false memories within the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm by using an improved methodology--constructing age-appropriate associative lists. The research also extended the DRM paradigm to preschoolers. Experiment 1 (N=320) included children in three age groups (preschoolers of 3-4 years, second-graders of 7-8 years, and preadolescents of 11-12 years) and adults, and Experiment 2 (N=64) examined preschoolers and preadolescents. Age-appropriate lists increased false recall. Although preschoolers had fewer false memories than the other age groups, they showed considerable levels of false recall when tested with age-appropriate materials. Results were discussed in terms of fuzzy-trace, source-monitoring, and activation frameworks.
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| 5. |
- Costa, Rui, et al.
(författare)
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Skin conductance responses to visual sexual stimuli
- 2008
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Ingår i: International Journal of Psychophysiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-8760 .- 1872-7697. ; 67:1, s. 64-69
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research showed that the asymmetrical direction of bilateral skin conductance responses (SCRs) remains constant regardless of task (with larger left SCRs in men and larger right SCRs in women). However, SCRs are controlled ipsilaterally by structures also associated with sexual arousal, hence it could be expected that larger right SCRs are specifically elicited by sexual stimuli. In order to test the two competing hypotheses, left and right SCR magnitude to three stimulus categories (sexually explicit, sexually non-explicit and neutral) were compared in 54 subjects (27 females). The direction of the asymmetry remained constant across stimulus types, however, unexpected sex differences occurred, as males had larger right SCRs and there was no lateralization in females. Interestingly, this interaction disappeared after controlling for indicators of subjective sexual arousal, suggesting that a specific (not previously hypothesized) processing of sexual information could take place.
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| 6. |
- Olsson, M. J., et al.
(författare)
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A putative female pheromone affects mood in men differently depending on social context
- 2006
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Ingår i: Revue europeenne de psychologie appliquee. - : Elsevier BV. - 1162-9088 .- 1878-3457. ; 56:4, s. 279-284
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pheromones play a significant role in social interaction and communication in many vertebrates and invertebrates. Although a well-established phenomenon in the animal world, the existence of human pheromones is controversial. The most common observation supporting the notion of pheromones in humans is that exposure to putative pheromones can influence mood in participants. Recently, the concept of modulatory pheromones has been introduced, suggesting that effects of pheromone exposure in humans depend on the context. In the current experiment, we tested whether the mood of heterosexual men is affected by exposure of a putative female pheromone, estratetraenol. We also investigated if this influence would differ depending on whether a male or a female heterosexual experimenter was interacting with the participants. ANOVAs were performed on aggregated mood scales resulting from factor analysis. The results were that exposure to estratetraenol compared to a perceptually identical control substance enhanced positive mood. Moreover, negative mood was differently affected depending on whether a male or a female experimenter conducted the test. Altogether this study suggests that a putative female pheromone can modulate mood in men. Interestingly, the social context (male or female experimenter) seems to be of importance for how men react to exposure.
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| 7. |
- Soares, Sandra C., et al.
(författare)
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Fear, but not fear-relevance, modulates reaction times in visual search with animal distractors
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. - : Elsevier BV. - 0887-6185 .- 1873-7897. ; 23:1, s. 136-144
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The research aimed at examining attentional selectivity in a visual search paradigm using pictures of animals that have provided a recurrent threat in an evolutionary perspective (i.e., snakes and spiders) and pictures of animals that have supposedly posed no such threat (i.e., cats and fish). Experiment 1 showed no advantage of fear-relevant stimuli over non-fear-relevant animal stimuli. However, an attentional capture seemed to emerge as a delay in the disengagement of attention, specifically when there was a massive presentation of fear-relevant stimuli in the array. The results from Experiment 2, where participants were selected based specifically on their fear of either snakes or spiders (but not both), showed a preferential processing of the congruent feared stimulus, when compared with non-fearful participants, which strengthens the notion that fear significance may be an important factor drawing attention to a particular spatial location.
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| 8. |
- Soares, Sandra, et al.
(författare)
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Some specific animal fears are more specific than others: Evidence from attention and emotion measures
- 2009
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Ingår i: Behaviour Research and Therapy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0005-7967 .- 1873-622X. ; 47:12, s. 1032-1042
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using a visual search methodology we investigated the effect of feared animal stimuli on attention. Our results confirmed the important role of emotion on attention. All participants detected fear-relevant stimuli (snakes and spiders) faster than neutral (mushrooms) ones against a background of fruits. In addition, spider fearful participants were sensitized specifically to detect their feared stimulus (spiders), compared to their fear-relevant but non-feared (snakes) and neutral stimuli. However, for participants fearful of snakes there was no significant difference in detection latencies between the feared (snakes) and the fear-relevant but non-feared animal stimuli (spiders). The results from the attention task were mirrored in the emotional ratings, which showed that spider fear was highly specific, whereas snake fear was associated with a more generalized enhanced evaluation of all negative stimuli.
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