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- Arriaga, Patricia, et al.
(författare)
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A "dry eye" for victims of violence: effects of playing a violent video game on pupillary dilation to victims and on aggressive behavior
- 2015
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Ingår i: Psychology of violence. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 2152-0828 .- 2152-081X. ; 5:2, s. 199-208
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: The present experiment analyzed the effects of playing a violent video game on player’s sensitivity to victimized people by measuring the involuntary pupil dilation responses (PDRs) during a passive picture viewing paradigm and examining the mediating role of PDR on aggression. Method: Participants (N = 135) were randomly assigned to play a violent video game or a nonviolent video game. The participants’ PDRs were then recorded while they were exposed to pictures of alleged victims of violence displayed in negative, neutral, and positive contexts. A competitive reaction time task was also used to measure aggression. Results: Participants in the violent game condition demonstrated both a lower PDR to the victims of violence in a negative circumstances and greater aggression than participants in the nonviolent game condition. Lower PDR to victims displayed in negative context mediated the relationship between violent game play and aggression. Conclusion: The negative effects of playing violent games are a societal concern. Our results indicate that a single violent gaming session can reduce the player’s involuntary PDRs to pictures of victimized people in negative context and increase participant aggression, a new relevant finding that should encourage further research in this area.
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| 2. |
- Arriaga, Patricia, et al.
(författare)
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The Promotion of Violence by the Mainstream Media of Communication
- 2016
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Ingår i: The Social Developmental Construction of Violence and Intergroup Conflict. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319427263 ; , s. 171-195
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter gives a comprehensive state-of-the-art review on the effects that exposure to or enactment of violence in mainstream media has on aggressive behavior, emotions, and empathy. In line with contemporary technological developments, the authors also cover the more and more widespread consumption of violent video games, which put the player in a more active role than traditional media (such as television) put their viewers. As the field is extremely controversial, the authors are careful in their analysis of the actually existing evidence as well as in their conclusions and recommendations for future research. Despite all controversy, and after reviewing existing literature, as well as a large number of own empirical work, the authors come to the conclusion that there is evidence for increased aggressive motivation and impulsivity as a result of exposure to media violence, but that it is not clear yet how much it affects people’s real-life behavior. Nevertheless, it is clear that there is no evidence for cathartic effects, a conclusion that is similar in research on the effects of filmed violence, and an idea that had been present in the controversy for decades but can now be abandoned.
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| 6. |
- Champoux-Larsson, Marie-France, et al.
(författare)
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Identification of facial expressions of emotion by 4-year-old children from different linguistic environments
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Journal of Bilingualism. - : SAGE Publications. - 1367-0069 .- 1756-6878. ; 23:5, s. 1208-1219
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current study investigated the identification of facial expressions of emotion, a socio-emotional task that has not previously been examined in children from different linguistic environments. Eighty-four 4-year-olds growing up in one of three linguistic environments (monolingual, dominant bilingual, balanced bilingual) performed a task where they identified facial expressions (happiness, anger, sadness, fear). Accuracy was analysed with a mixed-design analysis of variance using group (monolinguals, dominant bilinguals and balanced bilinguals) and emotion (happy, angry, sad and scared) as between- and within-group variables, respectively. Our results showed a main effect of emotion, but there was no main effect of group. This suggests that 4-year-olds’ linguistic environment does not affect performance on an identification of facial expressions task. This study was the first to investigate the identification of facial expressions of emotion in children coming from different linguistic environments. As the socio-emotional development of bilinguals is not yet well understood, especially regarding the visual perception of emotions, this study is amongst the first to contribute to this area of research. Our results are therefore of significance as a building block for additional studies that should explore the visual perception of emotions in other types of tasks and populations.
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| 7. |
- Champoux-Larsson, Marie-France, et al.
(författare)
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Identification of facial expressions of emotion in bilingual children with different exposures to their languages
- 2017
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigated the emotional development of bilingual children by measuring balanced and unbalanced 4-year-old bilinguals’ performance on an identification of emotional facial expressions task. A total of 84 children were divided into three groups: balanced bilinguals, unbalanced bilinguals, and monolinguals. Participants completed a computerized task where photographs of faces displaying anger, happiness, sadness, and fear were presented. The groups generally performed in line with previous research, but slightly differently from each other. For all three groups, the results showed that anger and happiness were more accurately identified, while sadness and fear were still difficult to identify for children at this age. However, there were interesting trends suggesting that balanced bilinguals made more refined judgments than the two other groups. Overall, this study supports the idea that the development of bilingual children is similar to their monolingual peers when it comes to learning to identify facial expressions of emotions, but that proportion of exposure to the bilingual child’s languages may lead to slightly different developmental courses.
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| 9. |
- Dylman, Alexandra, et al.
(författare)
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Gender differences in the generation of emotional words in children and adults
- 2017
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Studies have traditionally shown that there are differences between the number of words that men and women produce, where females generally produce more words than males. The same has been found for emotional words. However, it is unclear when during development, and why those differences arise. In order to understand this issue better, we replicated a study by Neshat Doost et al. (1999) on a Swedish population. Not only did we study emotional word generation in children (n = 127, age range 8-10 years) as in the original study by Neshat Doost et al. (1999), but we also tested an adult population (n = 183, mean age = 27.7 years) in order to compare different stages in life. Participants generated words based on ten categories, two of which were neutral, and eight of which were emotional categories, covering various aspects of happiness, sadness, and fear. Our results show similar gender differences in the targeted age groups. For the younger population, females produced more words than males in all emotional categories, but there was no difference in the neutral category. Similarly, in the adult population, women generated more words than men in most emotional categories, but no differences were found in the neutral categories. Overall, our results show no gender differences in word generation of neutral words for both the younger and the adult participants, but when it comes to the emotional categories, the female participants generated significantly more words than their male peers. This trend is observable even in children as young as 8-10 years, and persists into adulthood. Our results suggest that gender differences in amount of words generated is specific to, or at least more prominent for emotional words.
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| 10. |
- Emauz, Ana, et al.
(författare)
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Preditores da empatia dirigida a humanos e outros animais em portugueses e anglo-saxónicos
- 2018
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Ingår i: Psicologia: Revista da Associacao Portuguesa de Psicologia. - : Associacao Portuguesa de Psicologia. - 2183-2471. ; 32:1, s. 15-28
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- While the relation between human directed empathy (HDE) and animal directed empathy (ADE) has been reported as relatively weak, very little is known on factors underpinning the development of the later. We explored predictive models of HDE and ADE regressing them on gender, religion, diet, having pets and belonging to NGO charities, and we also compared portuguese with english speaking people as a proxy of culturally distinct populations. An online survey was conducted and included portuguese and english versions of measures of HDE and ADE, as well as questions targeted at the predictive variables. Results indicated gender as the single predictor of human directed empathy in the "Portuguese" group whereas both gender and having pets predicted empathy towards animals in both groups. NGO affiliation is a predictor of empathy towards animals in the portuguese but not in the english group, where a vegetarian/vegan diet is the strongest predictor.
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