| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
|
|
| 5. |
- Steen-Hansen, Anne, et al.
(författare)
-
Conditions for Nordic harmonisation offire classification of cables : Proposal of implementation of the newEuropean classification system in the building regulations
- 2013
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report has been prepared for the building authorities in Denmark, Sweden and Norway in cooperation between the fire laboratories in Denmark, Sweden and Norway.The main goal of the project has been to propose how the new European system of reaction to fire classes forelectric cables can be implemented in the Nordic building regulations. This has been approached by exploring the present fire safety status regarding electric cables in the Nordic countries based on different activities.The report gives an overview over fire safety requirements that must be met by cables in the present Nordi cbuilding regulations and in the Nordic regulations for electric installations, and available information on which classes the most used cables will satsfy in the new system.Statistics and experience from fires where cables have been involved in the fire development are also presented.Based on this background, the following proposal of how the euroclass-system for electric cables can be implemented in Nordic building regulations is given:[Graphics][!]
|
|
| 6. |
- Bal, Nicolas, et al.
(författare)
-
Experimental study of radiative heat transfer in a translucent fuel sample exposed to different spectral sources
- 2013
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. - : Elsevier BV. - 0017-9310 .- 1879-2189. ; 61:1, s. 742-748
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Radiative heat transfer to a solid is a key mechanism in fire dynamics, and in-depth absorption is especially of importance for translucent fuels. The sample-heater interaction for radiative heat transfer is experimentally investigated in this study with two different heaters (electric resistance and tungsten lamp) using clear PolyMethylMethAcrylate (PMMA) samples from two different formulations (Plexiglass and Lucite). First, the significant effects of the heater type and operating temperature on the radiative heat transfer are revealed with broadband measurements of transmittance on samples of different thicknesses. Then, the attenuation coefficient in Beer-Lambert's law has been calculated from detailed spectral measurements over the full wavelength range encountered in real fires. The measurements present large spectral heterogeneity. These experimental results and calculation of in-depth absorption are used to explain the reason behind the apparent variation of the fuel absorbance with the sample thickness observed in past studies. The measurement of the spectral intensity emitted by the heaters verifies that the common assumption of blackbody behavior is correct for the electric resistance, whereas the tungsten lamp does not even behave as a greybody. This investigation proofs the necessity of a multi-band radiation model to calculate accurately the fire radiative heat transfer which affects directly the in-depth temperature profiles and hence the pyrolysis process for translucent fuel.
|
|
| 7. |
- Boulet, Pascual, et al.
(författare)
-
Radiation emission from a heating coil or a halogen lamp on a semitransparent sample
- 2014
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Thermal Sciences. - : Elsevier BV. - 1290-0729. ; 77:March, s. 223-232
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The radiation emission of the heating coil of a Cone Calorimeter and the one of the halogen lamp of a Fire Propagation Apparatus have been studied experimentally for varying power settings. These are two standard apparatuses used for fire calorimetry. The objective is to characterize and compare the radiative flux spectrum received by a fuel sample during pyrolysis experiments. The deviation from the standard assumption of black or gray emission is discussed. It is observed that the emission of the heating coil can be approximated well to an ideal blackbody, especially in the infrared range. On the contrary, the halogen lamp emission is more complex, non gray, with an important contribution in the visible and in the near infrared ranges. The flux received by a sample exposed to these emitters is predicted using ray tracing simulations. This shows that the irradiation flux and spectrum from the cone can be accurately calculated if the coil temperature is known. The non Lambertian irradiation flux from the lamp is modeled with a combination of diffuse and collimated intensities, representing the direct emission from the lamp itself and the reflection by the mirror at the rear side. For both emitters, the irradiation is confirmed to be approximately uniform over the surface of a sample 5 cm large (maximum deviation of ±2% on the incident flux). The uniformity decreases for larger samples, but the ratio of the flux at the center to average flux is still 1.04 for standard 10 cm × 10 cm samples under the cone. For illustration purposes, the influence of the spectral characteristics of the emitter is studied in the case of a sample of PMMA, a non gray translucent medium. Using recently published measurements of PMMA absorptivity, the absorbed flux by a 3 cm thick sample is predicted. In the case of an incident flux of 20 kW/m2, the calculated average absorptivity of the sample is 0.91 under the cone, while it is 0.32 under the FPA lamp. These calculations involve absorption data of a virgin sample at room temperature and consequently the numerical results only hold for the initial instants of irradiation. However, the very large differences in radiative behavior show that important discrepancies in the pyrolysis behavior are expected between the two emitters. This might have consequences for fire testing and inter comparisons of flammability results worth further investigation.
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
| 9. |
- Brandt, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
Test Method for Fire Suppression Systems in Bus and Coach Engine Compartments
- 2013
-
Ingår i: SAE Technical Paper Series. - 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International. - 0148-7191.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a recently developed method meant to act as a tool for objectively assessing and comparing the performance of automatic fire suppression systems. This methodology specifies requirements and procedures for evaluating the efficiency and performance of automatic fire suppression systems permanently installed in the engine compartments of buses and coaches. The testing is done according to SP method 4912 and carried out in a test enclosure where the fire performance of different suppression systems can be objectively assessed in a well-defined way. The test methodology includes a battery of fire tests simulating different engine loads, air flows and fire scenarios. Every tested system is rated according to its performance. The test method also includes testing of re-ignition due to hot surface ignition of liquid fuels.
|
|
| 10. |
|
|
