| 1. |
- Fagerholm, F., et al.
(författare)
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Cognition in Software Engineering: A Taxonomy and Survey of a Half-Century of Research
- 2022
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Ingår i: Acm Computing Surveys. - : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 0360-0300 .- 1557-7341. ; 54:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cognition plays a fundamental role in most software engineering activities. This article provides a taxonomy of cognitive concepts and a survey of the literature since the beginning of the Software Engineering discipline. The taxonomy comprises the top-level concepts of perception, attention, memory, cognitive load, reasoning, cognitive biases, knowledge, social cognition, cognitive control, and errors, and procedures to assess them both qualitatively and quantitatively. The taxonomy provides a useful tool to filter existing studies, classify new studies, and support researchers in getting familiar with a (sub) area. In the literature survey, we systematically collected and analysed 311 scientific papers spanning five decades and classified them using the cognitive concepts from the taxonomy. Our analysis shows that the most developed areas of research correspond to the four life-cycle stages, software requirements, design, construction, and maintenance. Most research is quantitative and focuses on knowledge, cognitive load, memory, and reasoning. Overall, the state of the art appears fragmented when viewed from the perspective of cognition. There is a lack of use of cognitive concepts that would represent a coherent picture of the cognitive processes active in specific tasks. Accordingly, we discuss the research gap in each cognitive concept and provide recommendations for future research.
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| 2. |
- Adigun, Jubril Gbolahan, et al.
(författare)
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Collaborative Artificial Intelligence Needs Stronger Assurances Driven by Risks
- 2022
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Ingår i: Computer. - : IEEE Computer Society. - 0018-9162 .- 1558-0814. ; 55:3, s. 52-63
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Collaborative artificial intelligence systems (CAISs) aim to work with humans in a shared space to achieve a common goal, but this can pose hazards that could harm human beings. We identify emerging problems in this context and report our vision of and progress toward a risk-driven assurance process for CAISs.
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| 3. |
- Felderer, Michael, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Introduction to the Special Issue on value and waste in software engineering
- 2022
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Ingår i: Information and Software Technology. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0950-5849 .- 1873-6025. ; 144
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the context of software engineering, “value” and “waste” can mean different things to different stakeholders. While traditionally value and waste have been considered from a business or economic point of view, there has been a trend in recent years towards a broader perspective that also includes wider human and societal values. This Special Issue explores value and waste aspects in all areas of software engineering, including identifying, quantifying, reasoning about, and representing value and waste, driving value and avoiding waste, and managing value and waste. In this editorial we provide an introduction to the topic and provide an overview of the contributions included in this Special Issue. © 2021
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| 4. |
- Foidl, Harald, et al.
(författare)
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Data Smells : Categories, Causes and Consequences, and Detection of Suspicious Data in AI-based Systems
- 2022
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Ingår i: Proceedings - 1st International Conference on AI Engineering - Software Engineering for AI, CAIN 2022. - New York, NY, USA : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 9781450392754 ; , s. 229-239
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- High data quality is fundamental for today's AI-based systems. However, although data quality has been an object of research for decades, there is a clear lack of research on potential data quality issues (e.g., ambiguous, extraneous values). These kinds of issues are latent in nature and thus often not obvious. Nevertheless, they can be associated with an increased risk of future problems in AI-based systems (e.g., technical debt, data-induced faults). As a counterpart to code smells in software engineering, we refer to such issues as Data Smells. This article conceptualizes data smells and elaborates on their causes, consequences, detection, and use in the context of AI-based systems. In addition, a catalogue of 36 data smells divided into three categories (i.e., Believability Smells, Understandability Smells, Consistency Smells) is presented. Moreover, the article outlines tool support for detecting data smells and presents the result of an initial smell detection on more than 240 real-world datasets.
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| 5. |
- Gadner, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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The Collective Process Framework DTScrum for Integrating Design Thinking into Scrum
- 2022
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Ingår i: Design Thinking for Software Engineering. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030905941 ; , s. 85-101
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The rapid progression of technological capabilities and fast-changing customer demand forces today’s firms to adapt to a volatile environment and react quickly to change. Thus, the agile software development framework Scrum has already become a generally accepted framework for delivering work in small but consumable increments at a fast pace. One facet often neglected is that approaches such as like Scrum are not yet able to cope with ill-defined problems. That is to say, while software development approaches aim at developing software products iteratively and incrementally, we often still need to shift our attention first on framing the actual problem. In this context, one design discipline can help to unveil the real problem, define it, and put it into a clear customer requirement. This discipline is more known as Design Thinking and originates from the search to complement the arts and sciences. Design Thinking is utilizing knowledge from both professions alike, but in ways that are peculiarly adapted to the problems of the digital age. During the last years, it is also receiving much attention in the Software Engineering community. Despite showing obvious similarities with agile software development, little is yet known how to make effective use of Design Thinking in the context of agile approaches. In this contribution, it will be depicted how the basic principles and concepts of Design Thinking and Scrum cohere on a conceptual level while addressing the various, and to some extent, competing views and needs emerging from the professional environment. Important here are the synergies between problem understanding, reflected by Design Thinking, and problem-solving, reflected by Scrum.
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| 6. |
- Garousi, Vahid, et al.
(författare)
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Introduction to the Special Issue on : Grey Literature and Multivocal Literature Reviews (MLRs) in software engineering
- 2022
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Ingår i: Information and Software Technology. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0950-5849 .- 1873-6025. ; 141
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In parallel to academic (peer-reviewed) literature (e.g., journal and conference papers), an enormous extent of grey literature (GL) has accumulated since the inception of software engineering (SE). GL is often defined as “literature that is not formally published in sources such as books or journal articles”, e.g., in the form of trade magazines, online blog-posts, technical reports, and online videos such as tutorial and presentation videos. GL is typically produced by SE practitioners. We have observed that researchers are increasingly using and benefitting from the knowledge available within GL. Related to the notion of GL is the notion of Multivocal Literature Reviews (MLRs) in SE, i.e., a MLR is a form of a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) which includes knowledge and/or evidence from the GL in addition to the peer-reviewed literature. MLRs are useful for both researchers and practitioners because they provide summaries of both the state-of-the-art and -practice in a given area. MLRs are popular in other fields and have started to appear in SE community. It is timely then for a Special Issue (SI) focusing on GL and MLRs in SE. From the pool of 13 submitted papers, and after following a rigorous peer review process, seven papers were accepted for this SI. In this introduction we provide a brief overview of GL and MLRs in SE, and then a brief summary of the seven papers published in this SI. © 2021
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| 7. |
- Garousi, Vahid, et al.
(författare)
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Mining user reviews of COVID contact-tracing apps : An exploratory analysis of nine European apps
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Systems and Software. - : Elsevier Inc.. - 0164-1212 .- 1873-1228. ; 184
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context: More than 78 countries have developed COVID contact-tracing apps to limit the spread of coronavirus. However, many experts and scientists cast doubt on the effectiveness of those apps. For each app, a large number of reviews have been entered by end-users in app stores. Objective: Our goal is to gain insights into the user reviews of those apps, and to find out the main problems that users have reported. Our focus is to assess the “software in society” aspects of the apps, based on user reviews. Method: We selected nine European national apps for our analysis and used a commercial app-review analytics tool to extract and mine the user reviews. For all the apps combined, our dataset includes 39,425 user reviews. Results: Results show that users are generally dissatisfied with the nine apps under study, except the Scottish (“Protect Scotland”) app. Some of the major issues that users have complained about are high battery drainage and doubts on whether apps are really working. Conclusion: Our results show that more work is needed by the stakeholders behind the apps (e.g., app developers, decision-makers, public health experts) to improve the public adoption, software quality and public perception of these apps. © 2021 Elsevier Inc.
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| 8. |
- Garousi, Vahid, et al.
(författare)
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What users think of COVID-19 contact-tracing apps : An analysis of eight European apps
- 2022
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Ingår i: IEEE Software. - : IEEE Computer Society. - 0740-7459 .- 1937-4194. ; 39:3, s. 22-30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- More than 64 countries and regions have, so far, developed COVID-19 contact-tracing apps to limit the spread of coronavirus. However, many experts and scientists cast doubt on the effectiveness of those apps. For each app, between a few hundred to a few thousand reviews have been entered by end-users in app stores. In this paper, we mine insights from the user reviews of contact-tracing apps of eight European countries to find out what end users think of COVID contact-tracing apps and the main problems that users have reported. IEEE
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| 9. |
- Huber, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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A comparative study on the energy consumption of Progressive Web Apps
- 2022
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Ingår i: Information Systems. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0306-4379 .- 1873-6076. ; 108
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Progressive Web Apps (PWAs) are a promising approach for developing mobile apps, especially when developing apps for multiple mobile systems. As mobile devices are limited with respect to battery capacity, developers should keep the energy footprint of a mobile app as low as possible. The goal of this study is to analyze the difference in energy consumption of PWAs compared to other mobile development approaches. As mobile apps are primarily interactive in nature, we focus on UI rendering and interaction scenarios. For this, we implemented five versions of the same app with different development approaches and examined their energy footprint on two Android devices with four execution scenarios. Additionally, we extended our research by analyzing multiple real-world mobile apps to include a more practical perspective. Regarding execution environments, we also compared the energy consumption of PWAs executed in different web-browsers. The results based on sample and real-world apps show that the used development approach influences the energy footprint of a mobile app. Native development shows the lowest energy consumption. PWAs, albeit having a higher energy consumption than native apps, are a viable alternative to other mobile cross-platform development (MCPD) approaches. The experiments could not assert an inherent technological disadvantage of PWAs in contrast to other MCPD approaches when considering UI energy consumption. Moreover, the web-browser engine used to execute the PWA has a significant influence on the energy footprint of the app. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd
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| 10. |
- Tuzun, Eray, et al.
(författare)
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Ground-Truth Deficiencies in Software Engineering : When Codifying the Past Can Be Counterproductive
- 2022
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Ingår i: IEEE Software. - : IEEE Computer Society. - 0740-7459 .- 1937-4194. ; 39:3, s. 85-95
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In software engineering, the objective function of human decision makers might be influenced by many factors. Relying on historical data as the ground truth may give rise to systems that automate software engineering decisions by mimicking past suboptimal behavior. We describe the problem and offer some strategies. ©IEEE.
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