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- Dittmar, Jakob
(author)
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Graffiti als En-Passant-Medien im städtischen Raum
- 2013
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In: Medien als Mittel urbaner Kommunikation. - : Peter Lang Publishing Group. - 9783631640784 ; , s. 55-71
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Graffiti as communication-medium in public spaces. Considering messages as image & text - message. Graffiti here are seen in the context of other media of public communication, esp. en passant media.
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- Grubbström, Robert W
(author)
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On the net present value distribution affected by a random walk process
- 2022
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In: International Journal of Production Economics. - : ELSEVIER. - 0925-5273 .- 1873-7579. ; 250
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper we attempt to derive properties of the distribution of the net present value NPV, when the un-derlying cash flow is affected by stochastic disturbances in the form of a random walk process, the disturbances thus jumping continuously between each of two values. A leverage is introduced, affecting the size of each jump in relation to time.A given time period is split into a number of sub-periods of equal length. During each sub-period, a fraction of altogether one monetary unit is transferred. This cash flow is subject to the random walk, and is discounted by a given constant discount rate. We study consequences on the distribution of the net present value as the number of sub-periods increases beyond all bounds.Two different processes are studied, which turn out to have rather different properties. In the first, Case A, the two levels between each jump, are chosen as each others negative, and in the second, Case B, except for a timing factor, as each others inverse. Among other consequences, it is shown that the probability distribution of the NPV in Case A is close to, but different from, a lognormal distribution, and that in Case B, the NPV indeed has a lognormal distribution, but lies stable at a constant value. Also is shown that in Case A, the leverage must be at least 1/2 for a limiting distribution to exist, and in Case B at least unity. For leverage values above these values, respectively, the random walk will not affect NPV, and the net present value becomes deterministic.
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- Martinón-Torres, Nazareth, et al.
(author)
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Baby-Led Weaning: What Role Does It Play in Obesity Risk during the First Years? : A Systematic Review
- 2021
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In: Nutrients. - : MDPI. - 2072-6643. ; 13:3, s. 1-14
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Childhood is a window of opportunity for the prevention of the obesity pandemic. Since “the first 1000 days of life” is a period in which healthy eating habits must be acquired, it should be the target for preventive strategies. Baby-led weaning (BLW) is an emergent way of weaning that could influence children’s health. The nutrition committees of the main pediatric societies affirm there is not enough evidence to support which is the best method of weaning. The aim was to determinate the influence of BLW on the infant’s weight gain compared to the traditional spoon-feeding, and to assess if it could decrease the risk of obesity in children. A systematic review was conducted, following the PRISMA method. Pubmed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched. Out of 747 articles, eight studies (2875 total infants) were included (two randomized control trials, 6 observational studies). Results were indecisive, while some studies seem to demonstrate lower weight gain in infants that apply BLW, others show inconclusive results. The risk of bias in all included studies was moderate or high. In conclusion, more clinical trials and prospective studies should be done prior to providing a general recommendation about the best method of weaning to reduce the risk of obesity.
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