| 2. |
- Rizzi, Matteo, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Effectiveness of Motorcycle Antilock Braking Systems (ABS) in Reducing Crashes, the First Cross-National Study
- 2015
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Ingår i: Traffic Injury Prevention. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1538-957X .- 1538-9588. ; 16:2, s. 177-183
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: This study set out to evaluate the effectiveness of motorcycle antilock braking systems (ABS) in reducing real-life crashes. Since the European Parliament has voted on legislation making ABS mandatory on all new motorcycles over 125 cc from 2016, the fitment rate in Europe is likely to increase in the coming years. Though previous research has focused on mostly large displacement motorcycles, this study used police reports from Spain (2006-2009), Italy (2009), and Sweden (2003-2012) in order to analyze a wide range of motorcycles, including scooters, and compare countries with different motorcycling habits. Methods: The statistical analysis used odds ratio calculations with an induced exposure approach. Previous research found that head-on crashes were the least ABS-affected crash type and was therefore used as the nonsensitive crash type for ABS in these calculations. The same motorcycle models, with and without ABS, were compared and the calculations were carried out for each country separately. Crashes involving only scooters were further analyzed. Results: The effectiveness of motorcycle ABS in reducing injury crashes ranged from 24% (95% confidence interval [CI], 12-36) in Italy to 29% (95% CI, 20-38) in Spain, and 34% (95% CI, 16-52) in Sweden. The reductions in severe and fatal crashes were even greater, at 34% (95% CI, 24-44) in Spain and 42% (95% CI, 23-61) in Sweden. The overall reductions of crashes involving ABS-equipped scooters (at least 250 cc) were 27% (95% CI, 12-42) in Italy and 22% (95% CI, 2-42) in Spain. ABS on scooters with at least a 250 cc engine reduced severe and fatal crashes by 31% (95% CI, 12-50), based on Spanish data alone. Conclusions: At this stage, there is more than sufficient scientific-based evidence to support the implementation of ABS on all motorcycles, even light ones. Further research should aim at understanding the injury mitigating effects of motorcycle ABS, possibly in combination with combined braking systems.
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| 3. |
- Rizzi, Matteo, 1979, et al.
(författare)
-
Motorcycle crashes into road barriers: The role of stability and different types of barriers for injury outcome
- 2012
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Ingår i: 2012 IRCOBI Conference Proceedings - International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury, Dublin:12 September through14 September 2012. ; , s. 328-341
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This research focused on motorcycle crashes into road barriers and addressed two research questions: the first to assess if injury risk for motorcyclists is affected by collisions with different types of barriers, and the second, to examine if injury outcome in these crashes can be affected by being in an upright position during the collision. Police-reported motorcycle crashes into road barriers in Sweden between 2003 and 2010 were analyzed across different barrier types, using the Fatal-Serious-Injury Ratio (FSI). In addition, 55 in-depth interviews with Swedish motorcyclists who had crashed into road barriers were included to measure threat-to-life and medical disability. The analysis of police records showed no statistically significant difference between the FSI-ratios for wire rope barriers, Kohlswa-beam and W-beam barriers, although these FSI-ratios were generally very high. The small number of in-depth case findings, however, showed that injury severity was lower in crashes in which the motorcyclists were in an upright position during the collision. The proportion of subjects with ISS 16+ was 24% lower in those crashes compared to those who slid into the barrier. In addition, AIS 2+ and AIS 3+ injuries were 22% and 12% lower, respectively. The mean Risk for Permanent Medical Impairment 10% (RPMI) was 51% lower, and leg injuries were more common although these results were not statistically significant. While the implementation of Anti-lock Brakes on motorcycles may improve stability during critical situations, further development of integrated leg protectors might still be needed.
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