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- Möller, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Severnaya Zemlya, Arctic Russia: a nucleation area for Kara Sea ice sheets during the Middle to Late Quaternary
- 2006
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Ingår i: Quaternary Science Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 0277-3791. ; 25:21-22, s. 2894-2936
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Quaternary glacial stratigraphy and relative sea-level changes reveal at least four expansions of the Kara Sea ice sheet over the Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago at 79 degrees N in the Russian Arctic, as indicated from tills interbedded with marine sediments, exposed in stratigraphic superposition, and from raised-beach sequences that occur at altitudes up to 140 m a.s.l. Chronologic control is provided by AMS C-14, electron-spin resonance, green-stimulated luminescence, and aspartic-acid geochronology. Major glaciations followed by deglaciation and marine inundation occurred during MIS 10-9, MIS 8-7, MIS 6-5e and MIS 5d-3. The MIS 6-5e event, associated with the high marine limit, implies ice-sheet thickness of > 2000m only 200km from the deep Arctic Ocean, consistent with published evidence of ice grounding at similar to 1000m water depth in the central Arctic Ocean. Till fabrics and glacial tectonics record repeated expansions of local ice caps exclusively, suggesting wet-based ice cap advance followed by cold-based regional ice-sheet expansion. Local ice caps over highland sites along the perimeter of the shallow Kara Sea, including the Byrranga Mountains, appear to have repeatedly fostered initiation of a large Kara Sea ice sheet, with exception of the Last Glacial Maximum (MIS 2), when Kara Sea ice did not impact Severnaya Zemlya and barely graced northernmost Taymyr Peninsula.
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| 4. |
- Burnett, AL, et al.
(författare)
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Erectile Function Outcome Reporting After Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer Treatment
- 2007
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Ingår i: J Urol. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). ; 178:2, s. 597-601
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose In conjunction with the assignment to update the Guidelines for Management of Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer, the American Urological Association Prostate Cancer Guideline Update Panel performed a side analysis of the reporting of erectile function outcomes in this clinical context as published in the medical literature. Materials and Methods Four National Library of Medicine PubMed® Services literature searches targeting articles published from 1991 through early 2004 were done to derive outcome reporting (efficacy or side effects) for the treatment of clinical stage T1 or T2 N0M0 prostate cancer. A database was constructed containing descriptions relating to erectile function as well as numerical frequency rates of complete erectile dysfunction, and partial and intact erectile function for various treatments. A literature review was also done, consisting of a PubMed Services search of current measures and protocols used for assessing erectile function outcomes and a survey of consensus opinion sources on the management of male sexual dysfunctions. Results Based on inclusion criteria 436 articles were selected. Of these articles database extraction from 100 pertaining to radical prostatectomy garnered various characterizations of erectile function, including qualitative descriptions, generic terminology and rating systems. Database extraction from 31 articles, in which results for at least 50 patients were reported, yielded ranges of rates for complete erectile dysfunction, partial erectile function and intact erectile function that were 26% to 100%, 16% to 48% and 9% to 86% for radical prostatectomy, 8% to 85%, 21% to 47% and 36% to 63% for external beam radiation, and 14% to 61%, 21% and 18% for interstitial radiation, respectively. The literature review showed an evolution in standards for studying and reporting erectile function outcomes. Conclusions Clinical studies reporting erectile function outcomes after localized prostate cancer treatment often demonstrate poorly interpretable and inconsistent manners of assessment as well as widely disparate rates of erectile dysfunction and erectile function. Future studies must apply scientifically rigorous methodology and standard outcomes measures to advance this field of study.
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