| 1. |
- Bjarnegård, Elin, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Gender, peace and armed conflict
- 2015
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Ingår i: SIPRI Yearbook 2015. - Oxford : Oxford University Press. - 9780198737810 ; , s. 101-109
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 2. |
- Forsberg, Elin, et al.
(författare)
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HER2 CAR-T Cells Eradicate Uveal Melanoma and T-cell Therapy-Resistant Human Melanoma in IL2 Transgenic NOD/SCID IL2 Receptor Knockout Mice
- 2019
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Ingår i: Cancer Research. - 0008-5472. ; 79:5, s. 899-904
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) can transmit signals akin to those from activated T-cell receptors when bound to a cell surface target. CAR-expressing T cells against CD19 can cause curative effects in leukemia and lymphoma and is approved for clinical use. However, no CAR-T therapy is currently approved for use in solid tumors. We hypothesize that the resistance of solid tumors to CAR-T can be overcome by similar means as those used to reactivate tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TIL), for example, by cytokines or immune checkpoint blockade. Here we demonstrate that CAR-T cells directed against HER2 can kill uveal and cutaneous melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Curative effects in vivo were only observed in xenografts grown in a NOD/SCID IL2 receptor gamma (NOG) knockout mouse strain transgenic for human IL2. The effect was target-specific, as CRISPR/Cas9-mediated disruption of HER2 in the melanoma cells abrogated the killing effect of the CAR-T cells. The CAR-T cells were also able to kill melanoma cells from patients resistant to adoptive T-cell transfer (ACT) of autologous TILs. Thus, CAR-T therapy represents an option for patients that do not respond to immunotherapy with ACT of TIL or immune checkpoint blockade. In addition, our data highlight the use of IL2 transgenic NOG mice as models to prove efficacy of CAR-T-cell products, possibly even in a personalized manner. Significance: These findings demonstrate that a novel humanized mouse model can help clinical translation of CAR-T cells against uveal and cutaneous melanoma that do not respond to TIL therapy or immune checkpoint blockade.
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| 3. |
- Forsberg, Elin
(författare)
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Novel immunotherapies for metastatic melanoma - from mouse models towards clinical trials
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Immunotherapies including checkpoint blockade and adoptive T cell transfer (ACT) show great promise for the treatment of melanoma, with long-term effects in some patients. However, around half of the patients with metastatic malignant melanoma will not be cured with available therapies today, and these patients require other treatment strategies. For metastatic uveal melanoma (a rare melanoma of the eye), available immunotherapies are less effective, and there is currently no approved therapy for these patients. To be able to study immunotherapies in mice, we in Paper I developed an immune-humanized mouse model called patient-derived xenograft (PDX) version 2 (PDXv2). In this model, tumor cells and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) from the same patient were grafted in IL-2 transgenic NOD/SCID IL2 receptor gamma knockout (NOG) mice, and we found that responses in the mouse model correlated to responses in the corresponding patients in a clinical trial of ACT. So far, no chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy is approved for use in solid tumors. In Paper II we tested the potential for CAR-T therapy in melanoma. First, we used TCGA to determine the expression in melanoma biopsies of targets for commercially available CAR-T cells. We found that HER2 is expressed in both cutaneous and uveal melanoma biopsies. HER2 CAR-T cells were then used to treat skin melanoma and uveal melanoma patient-derived xenografts in the PDXv2 mouse model resulting in curative responses, even in models resistant to TIL therapy. However, CAR-T cells were only effective in IL-2 transgenic mice and not in regular NOG mice. In order to facilitate translation of the findings from Paper II into a treatment strategy for patients with melanoma, we developed CAR-expressing autologous TILs (called CAR-TILs). In Paper III, we demonstrate that this strategy could overcome resistance to treatment with autologous TILs in melanoma. Current CAR-T therapies use blood-derived T cells as a substrate for CAR-T cell production. We hypothesized that by using TILs instead, we might facilitate homing to the tumor and potentially also utilize the fact that some TILs can recognize melanoma antigens, enabling a dual targeting of CAR-TILs. We also developed an automated production protocol for TILs and CAR-TILs utilizing a bioreactor, enabling safe and less variable production of the drug product.
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| 4. |
- Hu, Xianfeng, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring the capability of muon scattering tomography for imaging the components in the blast furnace
- 2018
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Ingår i: ISIJ International. - : Iron and Steel Institute of Japan. - 0915-1559 .- 1347-5460. ; 58:1, s. 35-42
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Knowing the distribution of the materials in the blast furnace (BF) is believed to be of great interest for BF operation and process optimization. In this paper calibration samples (ferrous pellets and coke) and samples from LKAB’s experimental blast furnace (probe samples, excavation samples and core-drilling samples) were measured by the muon scattering tomography detector to explore the capability of using the muon scattering tomography to image the components in the blast furnace. The experimental results show that it is possible to use this technique to discriminate the ferrous pellets from the coke and it is also shown that the measured linear scattering densities (LSD) linearly correlate with the bulk densities of the measured materials. By applying the Stovall’s model a correlation among the LSD values, the bulk densities and the components of the materials in the probe samples and excavation samples was established. The theoretical analysis indicates that it is potential to use the present muon scattering tomography technique to image the components in various zones of the blast furnace.
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| 5. |
- Kolosenko, Iryna, et al.
(författare)
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Cell crowding induces interferon regulatory factor 9, which confers resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs
- 2015
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Ingår i: International Journal of Cancer. - : Wiley. - 0020-7136 .- 1097-0215. ; 136:4, s. E51-E61
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The mechanism of multicellular drug resistance, defined as the reduced efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs in solid tumors is incompletely understood. Here we report that colon carcinoma cells cultured as 3D microtissues (spheroids) display dramatic increases in the expression of a subset of type I interferon-(IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs). A similar gene signature was associated previously with resistance to radiation and chemotherapy, prompting us to examine the underlying biological mechanisms. Analysis of spheroids formed by different tumor cell lines and studies using knock-down of gene expression showed that cell crowding leads to the induction of IFN regulatory factor-9 (IRF9) which together with STAT2 and independently of IFNs, is necessary for ISG upregulation. Increased expression of IRF9 alone was sufficient to induce the ISG subset in monolayer cells and to confer increased resistance to clinically used cytotoxic drugs. Our data reveal a novel mechanism of regulation of a subset of ISGs, leading to drug resistance in solid tumors. What's new? Drug resistance remains a major challenge in the management of cancer patients. Using a 3D model of tumor cells the authors identify cell crowding and the interferon response as important mediators of drug resistance. They demonstrate that interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) and a panel of interferon-stimulated genes are induced by cell crowding in this model. These results link unexpected new molecular mechanisms with the therapy resistance of solid tumors.
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