| 1. |
- Cederholm, Tommy, et al.
(author)
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Forskaren, samhället och jäv
- 2008
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In: Läkartidningen. - 0023-7205. ; 105:16, s. 7-1206
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Forsum, Elisabet, 1947-, et al.
(author)
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Calculation of energy expenditure in women using the MET system
- 2006
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In: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 0195-9131 .- 1530-0315. ; 38:8, s. 1520-1525
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Purpose: Interpretation of physical activity as energy expenditure requires adjustment for body size. This is usually accomplished by means of the MET system, which assumes a basal metabolic rate (BMR) of 4.184 kJ·kg -1·h-1 and, when the standard calculation is used, that the energy costs of different activities are proportional to BMR. These relationships may be altered by increases in percent total body fat (% TBF), and this paper examines relationships between % TBF and total energy expenditure (TEE) obtained using the standard and a proposed calculation. Methods: Published data regarding body composition, physical activity (heart rate recording), and BMR in 11 American women (before and after weight gain) and in 15 Swedish women (before and during pregnancy) were used to calculate TEE. Reference estimates of TEE were obtained using doubly labeled water. Results: In Swedish women, reference TEE minus standard TEE (MJ·24 h-1) was 1.37 ± 1.29 (P < 0.01) before and 1.03 ± 1.13 (P < 0.05) during pregnancy. For proposed TEE these differences were 0.43 ± 1.63 (P > 0.05) and 0.31 ± 1.28 (P > 0.05) (MJ·24 h-1), respectively. In American women before and after weight gain, reference TEE minus standard TEE (MJ·24 h-1) were 0.38 ± 1.79 (P > 0.05) and 1.39 ± 2.36 (P > 0.05), respectively, whereas the corresponding differences for proposed TEE (MJ·24 h-1) were -0.52 ± 2.20 (P > 0.05) and 0.21 ± 2.36 (P > 0.05), respectively. In Swedish women before pregnancy and American women after weight gain (N = 26, BMI = 18-39), significant (P < 0.001) relationships were found for standard TEE/proposed TEE (y) versus % TBF, (x, r = -0.65) and versus BMI (x, r = -0.70). Conclusions: In individuals with a TBF content typical for contemporary Western women, standard TEE is lower than proposed TEE. This bias increases as the TBF content of subjects increases. The results indicate that proposed TEE is more accurate than standard TEE, but this requires confirmation. Copyright © 2006 by the American College of Sports Medicine.
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| 4. |
- Forsum, Elisabet, et al.
(author)
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Energy metabolism during human pregnancy
- 2007
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In: Annual review of nutrition (Print). - : Annual Reviews. - 0199-9885 .- 1545-4312. ; 27, s. 277-292
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This review summarizes information regarding how human energy metabolism is affected by pregnancy, and current estimates of energy requirements during pregnancy are presented. Such estimates can be calculated using either increases in basal metabolic rate (BMR) or increases in total energy expenditure (TEE). The two modes of calculation give similar results for a complete pregnancy but different distributions of energy requirements in the three trimesters. Recent information is presented regarding the effect of pregnancy on BMR, TEE, diet-induced thermogenesis, and physical activity. The validity of energy intake (EI) data recendy assessed in well-nourished pregnant women was evaluated using information regarding energy metabolism during pregnancy. The results show that underreporting of EI is common during pregnancy and indicate that additional longitudinal studies, taking the total energy budget during pregnancy into account, are needed to satisfactorily define energy requirements during the three trimesters of gestation. Copyright © 2007 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved.
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| 5. |
- Forsum, Elisabet, 1947-, et al.
(author)
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Maternal body composition in relation to infant birth weight and subcutaneous adipose tissue
- 2006
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In: British Journal of Nutrition. - 0007-1145 .- 1475-2662. ; 96:2, s. 408-414
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Infant birth weight has increased recently, representing an obstetric and potentially a public health problem since high birth weight involves a risk of obesity later in life. Maternal nutritional status is important for fetal growth and therefore relationships between maternal body weight and composition v. birth weight and infant subcutaneous adipose tissue were investigated in twenty-three healthy women and their newborn infants using multiple and simple linear regression analysis. Furthermore, using previously published data for nineteen infants, it was demonstrated that an anthropometric method could provide useful estimates of the amount of subcutaneous adipose tissue. Birth weight was correlated with the maternal content of total body fat (TBF) both before pregnancy and in gestational week 32 and, together with gestational age at birth, TBF (%) before pregnancy explained 45% of the variation in birth weight. This figure was not increased when gestational gains in weight or TBF were added to the model. Furthermore, in infants, birth weight correlated with the amount of their subcutaneous adipose tissue. Together maternal TBF (%) and amount of subcutaneous adipose tissue in infants explained 61–63% of the variation in birth weight while the amount of infant subcutaneous adipose tissue alone explained only 55%. The maternal TBF content is likely to be important for the recent increase in birth weight. This factor probably causes a general augmentation in fetal growth rather than a specific stimulation of adipose tissue growth.
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| 7. |
- Forsum, Urban, 1946-, et al.
(author)
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Bacterial vaginosis--a microbiological and immunological enigma.
- 2005
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In: APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica. - : Wiley. - 0903-4641 .- 1600-0463. ; 113:2, s. 81-90
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The development of bacterial vaginosis (BV) among women of childbearing age and the resulting quantitative and qualitative shift from normally occurring lactobacilli in the vagina to a mixture of mainly anaerobic bacteria is a microbiological and immunological enigma that so far has precluded the formulation of a unifying generally accepted theory on the aetiology and clinical course of BV. This critical review highlights some of the more important aspects of BV research that could help in formulating new basic ideas respecting the biology of BV, not least the importance of the interleukin mediators of local inflammatory responses and the bacterial shift from the normally occurring lactobacilli species: L. crispatus, L. gasseri, L. jensenii, and L. iners to a mixed flora dominated by anaerobic bacteria.
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| 8. |
- Löf, Marie, 1971-, et al.
(author)
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Activity pattern and energy expenditure due to physical activity before and during pregnancy in healthy Swedish women
- 2006
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In: British Journal of Nutrition. - 0007-1145 .- 1475-2662. ; 95:2, s. 296-302
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Human pregnancy is associated with increased requirements for dietary energy and this increase may be partly offset by reductions in physical activity during gestation. Studies in well-nourished women have shown that the physical activity level (PAL), obtained as the total energy expenditure (TEE) divided by the BMR, decreases in late pregnancy. However, it is not known if this decrease is really caused by reductions in physical activity or if it is the result of decreases in energy expenditure/BMR (the so-called metabolic equivalent, MET) for many activities in late pregnancy. In the present study activity pattern, TEE and BMR were assessed in twenty-three healthy Swedish women before pregnancy as well as in gestational weeks 14 and 32. Activity pattern was assessed using a questionnaire and heart rate recording. TEE was assessed using the doubly labelled water method and BMR was measured by means of indirect calorimetry. When compared to the pre-pregnant value, there was little change in the PAL in gestational week 14 but it was significantly reduced in gestational week 32. Results obtained by means of the questionnaire and by heart rate recording showed that the activity pattern was largely unaffected by pregnancy. The findings support the following conclusion: in a population of well-nourished women where the activity pattern is maintained during pregnancy, the increase in BMR represents approximately the main part of the pregnancy-induced increase in TEE, at least until gestational week 32.
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| 9. |
- Löf, Marie, 1971-, et al.
(author)
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Changes in basal metabolic rate during pregnancy in relation to changes in body weight and composition, cardiac output, insulin-like growth factor I, and thyroid hormones and in relation to fetal growth
- 2005
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In: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - 0002-9165 .- 1938-3207. ; 81:3, s. 678-685
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: The total energy cost of pregnancy is largely due to an elevated basal metabolic rate (BMR). Large variations in the BMR response to pregnancy have been reported, but the factors associated with this variability are incompletely known.Objective: The objective was to identify factors associated with variability in the BMR response to pregnancy.Design: In 22 healthy women, BMR, body weight (BW), total body fat (TBF), fat-free mass (FFM), circulatory variables, serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), and thyroid hormones were measured before pregnancy and in gestational weeks 14 and 32. BMR and BW were also measured in gestational weeks 8, 20, and 35. Fetal weight was estimated in gestational week 31.Results: In gestational week 14, the increase in BMR correlated significantly with the corresponding increase in BW and with the prepregnancy percentage of TBF. Together these variables explained ≈40% of the variability in the BMR response. In gestational week 32, the increase in BMR correlated significantly with the corresponding changes in BW, TBF, FFM, IGF-I, cardiac output, and free triiodothyronine. The increase in BW in combination with fetal weight or with the elevated concentration of IGF-I in serum explained ≈60% of the variability in the increase in BMR.Conclusions: Weight gain and the prepregnancy percentage of TBF—ie, factors related to the maternal nutritional situation—are important factors with regard to the variability in the BMR response to pregnancy. Thus, it is important to consider the nutritional situation before and during gestation when assessing pregnancy energy requirements.
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| 10. |
- Olausson, Hanna, 1975-, et al.
(author)
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Longitudinal study of the maternal insulin-like growth factor system before, during and after pregnancy in relation to fetal and infant weight
- 2008
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In: Hormone Research. - : S. Karger AG. - 0301-0163 .- 1423-0046. ; 69:2, s. 99-106
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: The maternal insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system is considered to be involved in fetal growth regulation. However, available data linking this system to fetal growth are contradictory and incomplete.Aims: To measure components of the IGF system before, during and after pregnancy in healthy women and to relate these results, and their changes during pregnancy, to fetal weight (gestational week 31) and birth weight.Methods: Serum concentrations of IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-1, IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-3 protease activity were assessed in 23 women before conception, at weeks 8, 14, 20, 32 and 35 of pregnancy and 2 weeks postpartum. The data were analyzed using simple and multiple linear regression.Results: One third of the variability in fetal weight was explained by IGF-I in combination with IGFBP-3 protease activity, both assessed at gestational week 32 (p = 0.013). Birth weight was negatively correlated (r = –0.43 to –0.59) with IGFBP-1 at gestational week 20 (p = 0.041), 32 (p = 0.012) and 35 (p = 0.003).Conclusion: We propose there is a finely tuned balance among the components of the IGF system, providing a means for fetal growth regulation.
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