| 1. |
- Andersson, Petra, et al.
(författare)
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Riskreducerande åtgärder för dödsbränder i bostäder
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Thisreport summarizes the work conducted within the project ”Analysis of physicaldeterminants and technical measures in support of the zero vision” financed bythe Civil Contingency Authority (MSB) in Sweden. The work aims to find measuresto prevent and reduce the number of fatalities in fires in residentialbuildings in a Sweden, a list of such measures is provided in the end of thereport. The list is based on work conducted in several small sub-projects, ashort summary of these is also provided in the report.
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| 2. |
- Andrée, Kristin, et al.
(författare)
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Utformning av utrymningsplats
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- An investigation regarding the design of a safe refuge area and more specifically the means for communication from the safe refuge areawas performed. Three types of communication techniques were tested using a survey and using experiments in a virtual reality environment; a signal lamp in combination with a push button system, a text display system and finally a voice communication system. According to the Swedish building regulation public buildings and some others shall have safe refuge areas if they are not equipped with a sprinkler system. The safe refuge areas should be located on every floor except on ground floor. Currently there is a lack of guidelines on how the communication between a person staying at the refuge area in the case of a fire and another person inside or outside the building shall be designed. The results indicate that most persons using wheelchairs prefer a voice communication system. The work presents guidelines relevant when designing the safe refuge area. Different views on the design and use of a safe refuge area have been collected using interviews, questionnaires and VR-experiments.
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| 3. |
- Arias, Silvia, et al.
(författare)
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Forensic virtual reality : Investigating individual behavior in the MGM Grand fire
- 2019
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Ingår i: Fire Safety Journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 0379-7112. ; 109
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The forensic investigation of human behavior in fires can benefit from a first-hand perspective of what happened during the fire. Complementing the on-site investigation and the witnesses’ accounts with a virtual reality replication of the real fire, forensic investigators could gather valuable data from having non-victims experiencing it. This paper aims to introduce and develop the forensic virtual reality method as a tool to provide a better understanding of the behavior of the building occupants. To assess the method, a virtual reality scenario based on the conditions in a hotel room during the MGM Grand fire in 1980 was created, and 55 naïve participants were exposed to it. Their behavior was later compared to that of the survivors of the real fire. The results show that the virtual environment made approximately 50% of the participants feel urgency due to the emergency and act on it. A comparison to the data from the MGM Grand fire confirmed that real life behavior can be observed in the virtual environment, although the frequencies of actions performed were lower in the virtual reality experiments.
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| 4. |
- Forssberg, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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The Variation of Pre-movement Time in Building Evacuation
- 2019
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Ingår i: Fire Technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0015-2684 .- 1572-8099. ; 55:6, s. 2491-2513
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to provide a reliable evacuation design assessment, data showing the variation in pre-movement time is of vital importance. The pre-movement time is in many cases regarded as the main time period during an evacuation assessment. Therefore, forty unannounced evacuation experiments for six different occupancies were analysed to quantify pre-movement time during building evacuation, i.e., the time taken between receiving the first cue and initiation of movement towards an exit during evacuation. The occupancies were office, cinema theatres, restaurants, department stores and night clubs. The occupancies were equipped with different types of evacuation alarm systems. The study resulted in 2486 data points for the pre-movement time. The pre-movement times were matched to statistical distributions to describe the variation. It was found that the pre-movement times in most cases could be represented with a lognormal or loglogistic distribution typically having a rapid initial increase representing the phase when people start reacting, which is followed by a less steep decrease representing the phase when some people linger before evacuating. Most reliable data are provided for the cinema theatre experiments which included 1954 data points from 30 experiments. The paper also presents a structure for performing an assessment of video recorded evacuation experiment determining actions, relevant time data and fitting a statistical distribution to the data. The new information provided in the paper can help fire safety professionals to more accurately predict the time to evacuate different premises.
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| 5. |
- Frantzich, Håkan
(författare)
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Brandskyddsvärdering av flerbostadshus BSV-FB : Utveckling av metod för säkerhetsindex
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A fire safety assessment method for multi-family buildings has been developed. The method is a scoring method and 19 parameters are assessed in order to determine the building fire safety level. Each parameter has its own weight for the total fire safety and the parameter weights are determined based on judgement in two expert groups. The expert groups have performed the weighting assessment independently. The method, BSV-FB, can be used by the building owner to compare the fire safety score with other building scores and make sure the building fire safety is not degraded.
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| 6. |
- Frantzich, Håkan
(författare)
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Health care application of quantitative fire risk analysis
- 2016
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Ingår i: SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, Fifth Edition. - New York, NY : Springer New York. - 9781493925650 - 9781493925643 ; , s. 3226-3241
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Quantitative risk analysis (QRA) is a very powerful tool with which the fire protection engineer systematically can analyze fire safety problems. Risk analysis methods have during the last decades become more common for analyzing fire safety problems. This is partly because of the development of fire simulation tools enabling a quantitative estimation of the consequences. The increased use of risk analysis methods can also be traced back to the development of performance-based regulations and standards [1�“4]. In such regulations and standards the requirement is to verify that the proposed design solution meets the fire safety objectives but they do not necessarily state how this shall be performed. The engineer, therefore, needs some tools by which he or she can structure the relevant problems and transform them to engineering problems that can be solved. Risk analysis is such a structured method.
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| 7. |
- Frantzich, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Utrymning och tekniska installationer i vägtunnlar med dubbelriktad trafik
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The report provides an overview of human behaviour in tunnel fires in single tube road tunnels. The behaviour is linked to the concept of a behaviour sequences presented by Canter et al. (1980). The main focus has been to present relevant research and findings provided in accident investigation reports mainly for long and steep sub-sea tunnels designed according to the self-rescue principle. Research on technical installations in the tunnel related to assisting the decision making for road users in the case of fire is presented and put into the behaviour sequence context. The need for information and knowledge prior to an accident is highlighted as are the principles for communication during the accident. The report also discusses the benefit from current installations and suggests alternative installations that may be installed in new tunnels and when upgrading existing tunnels. An early detection of a fire is most important in order to provide information to road users in a tunnel. Installations providing guidance to road users shall be designed to meet the need of information for the users depending on their location. The need for further research and development is presented. Suggestions for improving the self-rescue capability of road users in the Ellingsøytunnelen and Valderøytunnelen in Ålesund, Norway, are presented.
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| 8. |
- Fridolf, Karl, et al.
(författare)
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Evacuation of a Metro Train in an Underground Rail Transportation System : Flow Rate Capacity of Train Exits, Tunnel Walking Speeds and Exit Choice
- 2015
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Ingår i: Fire technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0015-2684 .- 1572-8099. ; 52:5, s. 1481-1518
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Including in total 135 participants in the ages 19–69 years (recruited from the general public), an unannounced full-scale field evacuation experiment was performed in the Stockholm underground metro system on the night between October 17 and 18, 2014. The purpose was to collect data on the flow rate of people in train exits during the evacuation of a train in a tunnel and on the walking speed of people when moving long distances on an uneven surface in a tunnel, and to study exit choice and behaviour during an evacuation. Consequently, the experiment involved the evacuation of a rail car (a Bombardier C20 train) in a tunnel as well as the subsequent evacuation of the tunnel itself; the latter meant that the participants either could evacuate to the closest station (~400 m) or to an available emergency exit (~200 m). Among other things, the experiment demonstrated that the averaged flow rates of people in the train exits varied between 0.19 p/s and 0.22 p/s (0.14–0.16 p/m s when considering the train exit width of 1.4 m) and that the averaged walking speeds in the tunnel varied between 1.1 m/s and 1.2 m/s (no smoke present). Furthermore, all 135 participants found and used the available emergency exit, which had been equipped with a technical system consisting of a loudspeaker that broadcasted a combined alarm signal and a pre-recorded voice message.
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| 9. |
- Fridolf, Karl, et al.
(författare)
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Full Scale Tunnel Evacuation Experiment to Determine Appropriate Emergency Exit Portal Designs in Road Tunnels
- 2016
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Ingår i: Proceedings from the Seventh International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security. - 9789188349118 ; , s. 441-452
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this paper, the execution and results of an evacuation experiment that was conducted in a road tunnel in Stockholm in 2014 is presented. The primary objective of the experiment was to evaluate the effectiveness of different emergency exit portal designs, and other technical installations/aids in the tunnel, during a fire evacuation in smoke. Based on the results, it is concluded that the emergency exit portal design, which was developed and evaluated prior to the experiment, seems appropriate for the intended use. However, in order to increase the portal may be complemented with information signs on the wall opposite to the exit, way-finding signs including distances to the closest emergency exits on both tunnel walls, and a loudspeaker installation that can inform evacuating people about the location of the available exits.
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| 10. |
- Fridolf, Karl, et al.
(författare)
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Människors gånghastighet i rök: Förslag tillrepresentation vid brandteknisk projektering
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- There is limited information about the behavior and movement of people in case of fireevacuation in smoke-filled environments, and there is limited guidance on how peoples’walking speed in smoke can and should be represented in the fire safety design process.In this report, a literature review within this area, and a subsequent recommendation onhow to represent walking speed in both smoke-free and smoke-filled environments ispresented. The recommendation includes three different methods to represent the peoples’walking speed in a life safety verification, depending on how the treatment ofuncertainties is done on an overall level within the analysis. Finally, in the end of thereport, a direction for future research in order to reduce the current uncertainties ispresented.
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