| 1. |
- Beral, V, et al.
(författare)
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Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer - collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58515 women with breast cancer and 95067 women without the disease
- 2002
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Ingår i: British Journal of Cancer. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1532-1827 .- 0007-0920. ; 87, s. 1234-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Alcohol and tobacco consumption are closely correlated and published results on their association with breast cancer have not always allowed adequately for confounding between these exposures. Over 80% of the relevant information worldwide on alcohol and tobacco consumption and breast cancer were collated, checked and analysed centrally. Analyses included 58515 women with invasive breast cancer and 95067 controls from 53 studies. Relative risks of breast cancer were estimated, after stratifying by study, age, parity and, where appropriate, women's age when their first child was born and consumption of alcohol and tobacco. The average consumption of alcohol reported by controls from developed countries was 6.0 g per day, i.e. about half a unit/drink of alcohol per day, and was greater in ever-smokers than never-smokers, (8.4 g per day and 5.0 g per day, respectively). Compared with women who reported drinking no alcohol, the relative risk of breast cancer was 1.32 (1.19 - 1.45, P < 0.00001) for an intake of 35 - 44 g per day alcohol, and 1.46 (1.33 - 1.61, P < 0.00001) for greater than or equal to 45 g per day alcohol. The relative risk of breast cancer increased by 7.1% (95% CI 5.5-8.7%; P<0.00001) for each additional 10 g per day intake of alcohol, i.e. for each extra unit or drink of alcohol consumed on a daily basis. This increase was the same in ever-smokers and never-smokers (7.1 % per 10 g per day, P < 0.00001, in each group). By contrast, the relationship between smoking and breast cancer was substantially confounded by the effect of alcohol. When analyses were restricted to 22 255 women with breast cancer and 40 832 controls who reported drinking no alcohol, smoking was not associated with breast cancer (compared to never-smokers, relative risk for ever-smokers= 1.03, 95% CI 0.98 - 1.07, and for current smokers=0.99, 0.92 - 1.05). The results for alcohol and for tobacco did not vary substantially across studies, study designs, or according to 15 personal characteristics of the women; nor were the findings materially confounded by any of these factors. If the observed relationship for alcohol is causal, these results suggest that about 4% of the breast cancers in developed countries are attributable to alcohol. In developing countries, where alcohol consumption among controls averaged only 0.4 g per day, alcohol would have a negligible effect on the incidence of breast cancer. In conclusion, smoking has little or no independent effect on the risk of developing breast cancer; the effect of alcohol on breast cancer needs to be interpreted in the context of its beneficial effects, in moderation, on cardiovascular disease and its harmful effects on cirrhosis and cancers of the mouth, larynx, oesophagus and liver. (C) 2002 Cancer Research UK.
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| 2. |
- Cho, E, et al.
(författare)
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Dairy foods, calcium, and colorectal cancer : A pooled analysis of 10 cohort studies
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. - Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Channing Lab, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Med, Channing Lab, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Nutr, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Loma Linda Univ, Ctr Hlth Res, Sch Med, Loma Linda, CA USA. Maastricht Univ, Dept Epidemiol, Maastricht, Netherlands. Harvard Ctr Canc Prevent, Boston, MA USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Epidemiol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Dept Social & Prevent Med, Buffalo, NY USA. TNO, Nutr & Food Res Inst, Dept Epidemiol, Zeist, Netherlands. Univ Toronto, Fac Med, Dept Publ Hlth Sci, Toronto, ON, Canada. Natl Publ Hlth Inst, Dept Epidemiol & Hlth Promot, Helsinki, Finland. Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Canc Prevent Res Program, Seattle, WA USA. Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Epidemiol & Populat Hlth, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, Epidemiol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NYU, Dept Obstet Gynecol, Sch Med, New York, NY USA. Natl Inst Environm Med, Div Nutr Epidemiol, Stockholm, Sweden. NYU, Sch Med, Nelson Inst Environm Med & Kaplan Canc Ctr, New York, NY USA. : OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC. - 0027-8874 .- 1460-2105. ; 96:13, s. 1015-1022
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background. Studies in animals have suggested that calcium may reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. However, results from epidemiologic studies of intake of calcium or dairy foods and colorectal cancer risk have been inconclusive. Methods: We pooled the primary data from 10 cohort studies in five countries that assessed usual dietary intake by using a validated food frequency questionnaire at baseline. For most studies, follow-up was extended beyond that in the original publication. The studies included 534 536 individuals, among whom 4992 incident cases of colorectal cancer were diagnosed between 6 and 16 years of follow-up. Pooled multivariable relative risks for categories of milk intake and quintiles of calcium intake and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: Milk intake was related to a reduced risk of colorectal cancer. Compared with the lowest category of intake (<70 g/day), relative risks of colorectal cancer for increasing categories (70-174, 175-249, and greater than or equal to250 g/day) of milk intake were 0.94 (95% CI = 0.86 to 1.02), 0.88 (95% CI = 0.81 to 0.96), and 0.85 (95% CI = 0.78 to 0.94), respectively (P-trend<.001). Calcium intake was also inversely related to the risk of colorectal cancer. The relative risk for the highest versus the lowest quintile of intake was 0.86 (95% CI = 0.78 to 0.95; P-trend = .02) for dietary calcium and 0.78 (95% CI = 0.69 to 0.88; P-trend<.001) for total calcium (combining dietary and supplemental sources). These results were consistent across studies and sex. The inverse association for milk was limited to cancers of the distal colon (P-trend<.001) and rectum (P-trend = .02). Conclusion: Higher consumption of milk and calcium is associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer.
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| 3. |
- Missmer, S A, et al.
(författare)
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Meat and dairy food consumption and breast cancer : a pooled analysis of cohort studies
- 2002
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Ingår i: International Journal of Epidemiology. - Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Brigham & Womens Hosp, Channing Lab, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Nutr, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Karolinska Inst, Dept Med Epidemiol, Stockholm, Sweden. Loma Linda Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Hlth Res, Loma Linda, CA USA. Maastricht Univ, Dept Epidemiol, Maastricht, Netherlands. SUNY Buffalo, Dept Social & Prevent Med, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. TNO, Nutr & Food Res Inst, Dept Epidemiol, NL-3700 AJ Zeist, Netherlands. Columbia Univ, Teachers Coll, Dept Hlth & Behav Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA. Deutsch Krebsforschungszentrum, Div Clin Epidemiol, D-6900 Heidelberg, Germany. Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Canc Prevent Res Program, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Epidemiol & Social Med, New York, NY USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. NYU, Sch Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, New York, NY USA. NYU, Sch Med, Nelson Inst Environm Med, New York, NY USA. Harvard Ctr Canc Prevent, Boston, MA USA. : OXFORD UNIV PRESS. - 0300-5771 .- 1464-3685. ; 31:1, s. 78-85
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background More than 20 studies have investigated the relation between meat and dairy food consumption and breast cancer risk with conflicting results. Our objective was to evaluate the risk of breast cancer associated with meat and dairy food consumption and to assess whether non-dietary risk factors modify the relation. Methods We combined the primary data from eight prospective cohort studies from North America and Western Europe with at least 200 incident breast cancer cases, assessment of usual food and nutrient intakes, and a validation study of the dietary assessment instrument. The pooled database included 351 041 women, 7379 of whom were diagnosed with invasive breast cancer during up to 15 years of follow-up. Results We found no significant association between intakes of total meat, red meat, white meat, total dairy fluids, or total dairy solids and breast cancer risk. Categorical analyses suggested a J-shaped association for egg consumption where, compared to women who did not eat eggs, breast cancer risk was slightly decreased among women who consumed <2 eggs per week but slightly increased among women who consumed greater than or equal to1 egg per day. Conclusions We found no significant associations between intake of meat or dairy products and risk of breast cancer. An inconsistent relation between egg consumption and risk of breast cancer merits further investigation.
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| 4. |
- Smith-Warner, S A, et al.
(författare)
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Intake of fruits and vegetables and risk of breast cancer - A pooled analysis of cohort studies
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). - Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Nutr, Ctr Canc Prevent, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Ctr Canc Prevent, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Ctr Canc Prevent, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Ctr Canc Prevent, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Med, Channing Lab, Boston, MA USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Karolinska Inst, Dept Med Epidemiol, Stockholm, Sweden. Loma Linda Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Hlth Res, Loma Linda, CA USA. Maastricht Univ, Dept Epidemiol, Maastricht, Netherlands. Univ Minnesota, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Epidemiol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. SUNY Buffalo, Dept Social & Prevent Med, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. TNO, Nutr & Food Res Inst, NL-3700 AJ Zeist, Netherlands. Deutsch Krebsforschungszentrum, Div Clin Epidemiol, D-6900 Heidelberg, Germany. Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Canc Prevent Res Program, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Epidemiol & Social Med, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. NYU, Sch Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, New York, NY USA. NYU, Sch Med, Nelson Inst Environm Med, New York, NY USA. NYU, Sch Med, Kaplan Canc Ctr, New York, NY USA. : AMER MEDICAL ASSOC. - 0098-7484 .- 1538-3598. ; 285:6, s. 769-776
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context Some epidemiologic studies suggest that elevated fruit and vegetable consumption is associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer. However, most have been case-control studies in which recall and selection bias may influence the results. Additionally, publication bias may have influenced the literature on associations for specific fruit and vegetable subgroups. Objective To examine the association between breast cancer and total and specific fruit and vegetable group intakes using standardized exposure definitions. Data Sources/Study Selection Eight prospective studies that had at least 200 incident breast cancer cases, assessed usual dietary intake, and completed a validation study of the diet assessment method or a closely related instrument were included in these analyses. Data Extraction Using the primary data from each of the studies, we calculated study-specific relative risks (RRs) that were combined using a random-effects model. Data Synthesis The studies included 7377 incident invasive breast cancer cases occurring among 351825 women whose diet was analyzed at baseline. For comparisons of the highest vs lowest quartiles of intake, weak, nonsignificant associations were observed for total fruits (pooled multivariate RR, 0.93; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.86-1.00; P for trend =.08), total vegetables (RR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.89-1.04; P for trend=.54), and total fruits and vegetables (RR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.86-1.00; P for trend=.12). No additional benefit was apparent in comparisons of the highest and lowest deciles of intake. No associations were observed for green leafy vegetables, 8 botanical groups, and 17 specific fruits and vegetables. Conclusion These results suggest that fruit and vegetable consumption during adulthood is not significantly associated with reduced breast cancer risk.
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| 5. |
- Smith-Warner, S A, et al.
(författare)
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Types of dietary fat and breast cancer : a pooled analysis of cohort studies
- 2001
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Ingår i: International Journal of Cancer. - 0020-7136 .- 1097-0215. ; 92:5, s. 767-74
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recently, there has been interest in whether intakes of specific types of fat are associated with breast cancer risk independently of other types of fat, but results have been inconsistent. We identified 8 prospective studies that met predefined criteria and analyzed their primary data using a standardized approach. Holding total energy intake constant, we calculated relative risks for increments of 5% of energy for each type of fat compared with an equivalent amount of energy from carbohydrates or from other types of fat. We combined study-specific relative risks using a random effects model. In the pooled database, 7,329 incident invasive breast cancer cases occurred among 351,821 women. The pooled relative risks (95% confidence intervals [CI]) for an increment of 5% of energy were 1.09 (1.00-1.19) for saturated, 0.93 (0.84-1.03) for monounsaturated and 1.05 (0.96-1.16) for polyunsaturated fat compared with equivalent energy intake from carbohydrates. For a 5% of energy increment, the relative risks were 1.18 (95% CI 0.99-1.42) for substituting saturated for monounsaturated fat, 0.98 (95% CI 0.85-1.12) for substituting saturated for polyunsaturated fat and 0.87 (95% CI 0.73-1.02) for substituting monounsaturated for polyunsaturated fat. No associations were observed for animal or vegetable fat intakes. These associations were not modified by menopausal status. These data are suggestive of only a weak positive association with substitution of saturated fat for carbohydrate consumption; none of the other types of fat examined was significantly associated with breast cancer risk relative to an equivalent reduction in carbohydrate consumption.
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| 6. |
- van den Brandt, P A, et al.
(författare)
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Pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies on height, weight, and breast cancer risk
- 2000
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Ingår i: American Journal of Epidemiology. - Maastricht Univ, Dept Epidemiol, NL-6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Brigham & Womens Hosp, Dept Med, Channing Lab, Boston, MA USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA USA. Karolinska Inst, Dept Med Epidemiol, Stockholm, Sweden. Loma Linda Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Hlth Res, Loma Linda, CA USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Epidemiol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. TNO, Nutr & Food Res Inst, Dept Epidemiol, NL-3700 AJ Zeist, Netherlands. SUNY Buffalo, Dept Social & Prevent Med, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. Univ Arizona, Arizona Canc Ctr, Tucson, AZ USA. Univ Toronto, Fac Med, Dept Publ Hlth Sci, Toronto, ON, Canada. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Nutr, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Ctr Canc Prevent, Boston, MA 02115 USA. : OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC. - 0002-9262 .- 1476-6256. ; 152:6, s. 514-527
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The association between anthropometric indices and the risk of breast cancer was analyzed using pooled data from seven prospective cohort studies. Together, these cohorts comprise 337,819 women and 4,385 incident invasive breast cancer cases. in multivariate analyses controlling for reproductive, dietary, and other risk factors, the pooled relative risk (RR) of breast cancer per height increment of 5 cm was 1.02 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.96, 1.10) in premenopausal women and 1.07 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.12) in postmenopausal women. Body mass index (BMI) showed significant inverse and positive associations with breast cancer among pre- and postmenopausal women, respectively; these associations were nonlinear. Compared with premenopausal women with a BMI of less than 21 kg/m(2), women with a BMI exceeding 31 kg/m(2) had an RR of 0.54 (95% CI: 0.34, 0.85). In postmenopausal women, the RRs did not increase further when BMI exceeded 28 kg/m(2); the RR for these women was 1.26 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.46). The authors found little evidence for interaction with other breast cancer risk factors. Their data indicate that height is an independent risk factor for postmenopausal breast cancer; in premenopausal women, this relation is less clear. The association between BMI and breast cancer Varies by menopausal status. Weight control may reduce the risk among postmenopausal women.
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| 7. |
- Perissinotto, D, et al.
(författare)
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Avian neural crest cell migration is diversely regulated by the two major hyaluronan-binding proteoglycans PG-M/versican and aggrecan
- 2000
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Ingår i: Development: For advances in developmental biology and stem cells. - 1477-9129. ; 127:13, s. 2823-2842
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It has been proposed that hyaluronan-binding proteoglycans play an important role as guiding cues during neural crest (NC) cell migration, but their precise function has not been elucidated. In this study, we examine the distribution, structure and putative role of the two major hyaluronan-binding proteoglycans, PG-M/versicans and aggrecan, during the course of avian NC development. PG-M/versicans V0 and V1 are shown to be the prevalent isoforms at initial and advanced phases of NC cell movement, whereas the V2 and V3 transcripts are first detected following gangliogenesis. During NC cell dispersion, mRNAs for PG-M/versicans V0/V1 are transcribed by tissues lining the NC migratory pathways, as well as by tissues delimiting nonpermissive areas. Immunohistochemistry confirm the deposition of the macromolecules in these regions and highlight regional differences in the density of these proteoglycans. PG-M/versicans assembled within the sclerotome rearrange from an initially uniform distribution to a preferentially caudal localization, both at the mRNA and protein level. This reorganization is a direct consequence of the metameric NC cell migration through the rostral portion of the somites. As suggested by previous in situ hybridizations, aggrecan shows a virtually opposite distribution to PG-M/versicans being confined to the perinotochordal ECM and extending dorsolaterally in a segmentally organized manner eventually to the entire spinal cord at axial levels interspacing the ganglia. PG-M/versicans purified from the NC migratory routes are highly polydispersed, have an apparent M(r) of 1,200-2,000 kDa, are primarily substituted with chondroitin-6-sulfates and, upon chondroitinase ABC digestion, are found to be composed of core proteins with apparent M(r )of 360-530, 000. TEM/rotary shadowing analysis of the isolated PG-M/versicans confirmed that they exhibit the characteristic bi-globular shape, have core proteins with sizes predicted for the V0/V1 isoforms and carry relatively few extended glycosaminoglycan chains. Orthotopical implantation of PG-M/versicans immobilized onto transplantable micromembranes tend to 'attract' moving cells toward them, whereas similar implantations of a notochordal type-aggrecan retain both single and cohorts of moving NC cells in close proximity of the implant and thereby perturb their spatiotemporal migratory pattern. NC cells fail to migrate through three-dimensional collagen type I-aggrecan substrata in vitro, but locomote in a haptotactic manner through collagen type I-PG-M/versican V0 substrata via engagement of HNK-1 antigen-bearing cell surface components. The present data suggest that PG-M/versicans and notochordal aggrecan exert divergent guiding functions during NC cell dispersion, which are mediated by both their core proteins and glycosaminoglycan side chains and may involve 'haptotactic-like' motility phenomena. Whereas aggrecan defines strictly impenetrable embryonic areas, PG-M/versicans are central components of the NC migratory pathways favoring the directed movement of the cells.
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| 8. |
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