| 1. |
- Ahrenberg, Lars, 1948-, et al.
(författare)
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A New Gold Standard for Swedish NERC
- 2019
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the CLARIN Annual Conference 2019. - : CLARIN. ; , s. 112-115
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Starting in 2018 Swe-Clarin members are working cross-instituionally on special themes. In thispaper we report ongoing work in a project aimed at the creation of a new gold standard forSwedish Named-Entity Recognition and Categorisation. In contrast to previous efforts the newresource will contain data from both social media and edited text. The resource will be madefreely available through Spr ̊akbankenText
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| 2. |
- Ambrazaitis, Gilbert, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Multimodal prominence ratings : Effects of screen size and audio device
- 2019
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Ingår i: Book of Abstracts MMSYM 2019. - : University of Leuven. ; , s. 2-3
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Prosodic prominence is a multimodal phenomenon involving both acoustic and kinematic dimensions. In order to study the multimodal nature of prominence, we need to collect prominence ratings based on audio-visual speech material from large groups of speakers. This is feasible by means of a web-based crowdsourcing set-up, allowing volunteers to participate using a private computer or mobile phone. However, this freedom also implies a certain reduction of experimental control due to variation in hardware used by the raters. In this pilot study we explore potential effects of two hardware features – screen size and audio device (headphones vs. loudspeakers) – on multimodal prominence ratings. To this end, 16 brief clips from Swedish television news (218 words in total) were rated by 31 native Swedish volunteers using a web-based set-up. In our GUI, orthographic representations of the text were displayed below the video player. Each word was to be rated as either non-prominent, moderately prominent, or strongly prominent, by means of clicking on the word in question until the desired prominence level was encoded through a specific color (yellow: moderate; red: strong). Participants were free to use a mobile phone, a tablet, or a computer, and headphones or loudspeakers, and we collected information about their hardware using a questionnaire. In addition, we automatically logged the screen size of the participant’s computer/phone. We applied two different approaches to analyze the participant’s rating behavior as a function of the hardware features under discussion. First, we calculated a selection of five variables from the raw prominence ratings: (i) the sum of all ratings (over all 218 words), (ii) the percentage of words rated as (moderately or strongly) prominent, (iii) among prominent words, the proportion of words rated as strongly prominent, and (iv-v) the relative prominence rating of two selected words. Effects of screen size and audio device on these variables were analyzed using linear regression models. Second, we calculated inter-rater reliability for multiple raters using Fleiss’ kappa, both for all raters as a reference and for subgroups concerning audio device and screen size. The results reveal a significant model fit for variable (iii) defined above (proportion of strong ratings; F(5;21) = 5.332; p=.0022**), suggesting a significantly higher proportion of strong prominent ratings obtained with loudspeakers (34.0% of words rated as prominent on average) compared to with headphones (18.3%; t=2.944; p=.0073**), as well as with medium size screens (34.2%) compared to with small screens (24.4%; t=2.433; p=.0232*); however, the proportion of strong prominent ratings tended to be lowest with large screens (14.2% on average). Effects of screen size were also reflected in inter-rater reliability, revealing the highest kappa for users with medium-sized screens (kappa=.566, when ratings are recoded to a binary decision) compared to large (kappa=.485) and small screens (mobile phones, kappa=.437). However, inter-rater reliability was less affected by the listening condition (headphones vs. loudspeakers). 3 To conclude, the choice of hardware might have effects on multimodal prominence ratings, which has to be considered in crowdsourcing approaches. More detailed results will be presented at the conference.
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| 3. |
- Carling, Gerd, et al.
(författare)
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DiACL : Diachronic Atlas of Comparative Linguistics
- 2017
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- DiACL is an open access database with lexical and typological/morphosyntactic data for historical, comparative and phylogenetic linguistics. It contains data from 500 languages of 18 families, divided into three macro-areas: Eurasia, Pacific, and the Amazon.
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| 4. |
- Carling, Gerd, et al.
(författare)
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The causality of borrowing : Lexical loans in Eurasian languages
- 2019
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Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 14:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- All languages borrow words from other languages. Some languages are more prone to borrowing, while others borrow less, and different domains of the vocabulary are unequally susceptible to borrowing. Languages typically borrow words when a new concept is introduced, but languages may also borrow a new word for an already existing concept. Linguists describe two causalities for borrowing: need, i.e., the internal pressure of borrowing a new term for a concept in the language, and prestige, i.e., the external pressure of borrowing a term from a more prestigious language. We investigate lexical loans in a dataset of 104 concepts in 115 Eurasian languages from 7 families occupying a coherent contact area of the Eurasian landmass, of which Indo-European languages from various periods constitute a majority. We use a cognacy-coded dataset, which identifies loan events including a source and a target language. To avoid loans for newly introduced concepts in languages, we use a list of lexical concepts that have been in use at least since the Chalcolithic (4000–3000 BCE). We observe that the rates of borrowing are highly variable among concepts, lexical domains, languages, language families, and time periods. We compare our results to those of a global sample and observe that our rates are generally lower, but that the rates between the samples are significantly correlated. To test the causality of borrowing, we use two different ranks. Firstly, to test need, we use a cultural ranking of concepts by their mobility (of nature items) or their labour intensity and “distance-from-hearth” (of culture items). Secondly, to test prestige, we use a power ranking of languages by their socio-cultural status. We conclude that the borrowability of concepts increases with increasing mobility (nature), and with increased labour intensity and “distance-from-hearth” (culture). We also conclude that language prestige is not correlated with borrowability in general (all languages borrow, independently of prestige), but prestige predicts the directionality of borrowing, from a more prestigious language to a less prestigious one. The process is not constant over time, with a larger inequality during the ancient and modern periods, but this result may depend on the status of the data (non-prestigious languages often remain unattested). In conclusion, we observe that need and prestige compete as causes of lexical borrowing.
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| 5. |
- Frid, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Determining Direction‐of‐Arrival Accuracy for Installed Antennas by Postprocessing of Far‐Field Data
- 2019
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Ingår i: Radio Science. - 0048-6604 .- 1944-799X. ; 54:12, s. 1204-1221
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Direction‐of‐arrival (DoA) estimation accuracy can be degraded due to installation effects, such as platform reflections, diffraction from metal edges, and reflections and refraction in the radome. To analyze these effects, this paper starts with a definition of the term installation error related to DoA estimation. Thereafter, we present a postprocessing method, which can be used to determine the DoA estimation accuracy for installed antennas. By computing synthetic signals from the installed far‐field data, it is possible to analyze the installation errors described above, in addition to analyzing array model errors. The method formulation is general, thus allowing generic array configurations, installation configurations, and direction‐finding algorithms to be studied. The use of the presented method is demonstrated by a case study of a wideband four‐quadrant array. In this case study, we investigate the installation errors due to a single‐shell radome. Thereafter, the effects of platform reflections are also analyzed, for an antenna placement in the tail of a fighter aircraft. Simulation results are presented for both the monopulse and the MUltiple SIgnal Classification direction‐finding algorithms.
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| 6. |
- Frid, Ingrid, et al.
(författare)
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Critically ill neonates displayed stable vital parameters and reduced metabolic acidosis during neonatal emergency airborne transport in Sweden
- 2018
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Ingår i: Acta Paediatrica. - : WILEY. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 107:8, s. 1357-1361
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: This study evaluated the medical quality of acute airborne transports carried out by a neonatal emergency transport service in a Swedish healthcare region from 2012 to 2015. Methods: The transport charts and patient records of all infants transported to the regional centre were reviewed for transport indications and vital parameters and outcomes. Results: We identified 187 acute airborne transports and the main indications for referral were therapeutic hypothermia after perinatal asphyxia, extremely preterm birth and respiratory failure. There were 37 deaths, but none of these occurred during transport and none of the deaths that occurred within 24 hours after transport were found to be related to the transport per se. No differences were found in vital parameters or ventilator settings before and after transport, except for an improvement in blood pH (7.22 +/- 0.13 versus 7.27 +/- 0.13, mean +/- SD, p < 0.01), due to a decrease in base deficit (-8.0 +/- 6.8 versus -5.4 +/- 6.3 mmol, p < 0.001), while the partial pressure of carbon dioxide remained unchanged. Conclusion: During air transport, critically ill neonates displayed stable vital parameters and reduced metabolic acidosis. No transport-related mortality was found, but the high number of extremely preterm infants transported indicates the potential for improving in-utero transport.
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| 7. |
- Frid, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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EMA-based head movements and phrasing : a preliminary study
- 2018
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Ingår i: - Gothenburg : University of Gothenburg. ; , s. 17-20, s. 17-20
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this paper we describe present work on multimodal prosody by means of simultaneous recordings of articulation and head movements. Earlier work has explored patterning, usage and machine-learning based detection of focal pitch accents, head beats and eyebrow beats through audiovisual recordings. Kinematic data obtained through articulography allows for more comparable and accurate measurements, as well as three-dimensional data. Therefore, our current approach involves examining speech and body movements concurrently, using electromagnetic articulography (EMA). We have recorded large amounts of this kind of data previously, but for other purposes. In this paper, we present results from a preliminary study on the interplay between head movements and phrasing and find tendencies for upward movements occuring before and downward movements occuring after prosodic boundaries.
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| 8. |
- Frid, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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EMA-based head movements, word accent and vowel length
- 2019
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Ingår i: Book of Abstracts MMSYM 2019. - : University of Leuven. ; , s. 11-11
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper describes on-going work in the field of multimodal prosody carried out by means of simultaneous recordings of speech acoustics, articulation and head movements. People naturally move their heads when they speak, and head movements have been found both to correlate strongly with the pitch and amplitude of the speaker's voices and to convey linguistic information. Here, we report on a study that explores how head movement patterns vary and co-occur with lexical pitch accents (and their acoustic correlates F0 and intensity) and vowel length. The study uses data from Swedish, where there are both two lexical pitch accents and two vowel lengths that differ phonologically.We use EMA (Electromagnetic articulography), which allows for high sample rates, accurate synchronisation of kinematic and acoustic recordings, as well as three-dimensional movement data. Kinematic data is obtained by gluing small sensors on the speakers’ articulators (tongue, lips, jaw). Head movement data is obtained by similar sensors on the nose ridge and behind the ears, which allows us to capture the angle of the tilt of the head.Articulatory data was collected from 18 South Swedish speakers (12 female) using a Carstens AG501. Each speaker read leading questions + sentences containing a target word from a prompter (presented eight times in random order), an arrangement employed to put a contrastive focus onto the last element in the target sentence. This left the target word in a low-prominence inducing context, hence controlling for possible effects of sentence intonation.For this study we used eight target words where pitch accent and vowel length were cross- matched so that there were two cases of each combination of word accent category and vowel length category. All words shared the similar word-initial C /m/, followed by a vowel that was either /a/ or /ɑ:/. The target words were segmented and time-normalized between 0 to 1 and the head tilt angle (sagAng) was normalized for each speaker by z-transforming the angles per speaker. Spatial movements were analysed using Generalized Additive Models, which we used to test if there were effects of segmental position (C versus V in the first syllable), word accent (1 or 2) and vowel length (short or long) on sagAng. Models were fit using the maximum likelihood (ML) estimation method.The Chi-Square test on the ML scores indicates that a model with the word accent distinction is significantly better than a model without it (X2(4.00)=632.796, p<2e-16***). Similarly, a model with vowel length distinction is significantly better than a model without it (X2(4.00)=820.997, p<2e-16***). Finally, a model with segmental position is significantly better than a model without it (X2(8.00)= 173.316, p<2e-16***).The results indicate that head nod patterns that occur in synchronisation with the stressed syllable of spoken words differ with respect to word accent, vowel length and segmental position. This could possibly point to an effect of F0 and intensity on the head nod movements.
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| 9. |
- Frid, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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EMA-based head movements, word accents, vowel length and segments : a preliminary study
- 2019
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Ingår i: Proceedings from FONETIK 2019 Stockholm, June 10-12, 2019. - Stockholm : Stockholm University. - 9789177979845 - 9789177979852 ; , s. 125-126
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study describes on-going work in the field of multimodal prosody carried out by means of simultaneous recordings of speech acoustics, articulation and head movements.
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| 10. |
- Frid, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Investigating visual prosody using articulography
- 2019
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Digital Humanities in the Nordic Countries 4th Conference. - : CEUR-WS.org. ; 2364
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we describe present work on multimodal prosody by means of simultaneous recordings of articulation and head movements. Earlier work has explored patterning, usage and machine-learning based detection of focal pitch accents, head beats and eyebrow beats through audiovisual recordings. Kinematic data obtained through articulography allows for more compa- rable and accurate measurements, as well as three-dimensional data. Therefore, our current approach involves examining speech and body movements concurrently, using electromagnetic articulography (EMA). We have recorded large amounts of this kind of data previously, but for other purposes. In this paper, we present results from a study on the interplay between head movements and phrasing and find tendencies for upward movements occuring before and downward movements occuring after prosodic boundaries.
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