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- Parker, P, et al.
(författare)
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Progress in integrated assessment and modelling
- 2002
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Ingår i: Environmental Modelling & Software. - 1364-8152. ; 17:3, s. 209-217
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Environmental processes have been modelled for decades. However. the need for integrated assessment and modeling (IAM) has,town as the extent and severity of environmental problems in the 21st Century worsens. The scale of IAM is not restricted to the global level as in climate change models, but includes local and regional models of environmental problems. This paper discusses various definitions of IAM and identifies five different types of integration that Lire needed for the effective solution of environmental problems. The future is then depicted in the form of two brief scenarios: one optimistic and one pessimistic. The current state of IAM is then briefly reviewed. The issues of complexity and validation in IAM are recognised as more complex than in traditional disciplinary approaches. Communication is identified as a central issue both internally among team members and externally with decision-makers. stakeholders and other scientists. Finally it is concluded that the process of integrated assessment and modelling is considered as important as the product for any particular project. By learning to work together and recognise the contribution of all team members and participants, it is believed that we will have a strong scientific and social basis to address the environmental problems of the 21st Century.
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| 2. |
- Cacialli, F., et al.
(författare)
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Synthesis and characterisation of poly(distyrylbenzene-block-hexa(ethylene oxide)) and its fluorinated analogue - Two new block copolymers and their application in electroluminescent devices
- 2002
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Ingår i: Polymer. - 0032-3861 .- 1873-2291. ; 43:12, s. 3555-3561
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two new soluble block copolymers are reported in which chromophores and hexa(ethylene oxide) units alternate along the polymer backbone. In polymer 1 the chromophore was the distyrylbenzene unit. The polymer was synthesised via the Wittig reaction and the ionization potential of 5.4 ± 0.2 eV was measured by cyclic voltammetry and photoelectron spectroscopy. Polymer 1 showed a high solid-state photoluminescence efficiency (34%) and was used to make efficient (0.5 cd/A) light emitting diodes (LEDs). Polymer 1 was also used in light emitting cells, these showed luminescence in reverse bias and a reduced turn-on voltage compared to the LEDs. Polymer 2, in which the chromophore was dodecafluoro-distryrylbenzene, was prepared via the Horner-Wittig reaction and showed an ionization potential of 6.25 ± 0.15 eV and a solid-state photoluminescence efficiency of 17%. It was used as electron-conducting layer in a LED but failed to give significant electroluminescence. The optical energy gap for both polymers was 3.0 eV. © 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
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| 4. |
- Kim, J.S., et al.
(författare)
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Kelvin probe and ultraviolet photoemission measurements of indium tin oxide work function: : a comparison
- 2000
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Ingår i: Synthetic metals. - 0379-6779 .- 1879-3290. ; 111-112, s. 311-314
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report a comparison of the work functions of thin films of indium tin oxide (ITO), carried out by means of ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) and by measurements of the contact potential difference with respect to a gold reference electrode (Kelvin probe (KP) method). We investigated commercially available ITOs both "as-received", and after certain surface treatments, such as oxygen plasma. First, we find measurable discrepancies between KP values measured with three different instruments, and between the KP and the UPS values. Secondly, and unexpectedly, we find that the KP, although more sensitive than UPS, does not detect certain differences between ITOs with different surface treatments. We discuss the results in view of the different environments in which the measurements are carried out (UHV for the UPS and air/Ar for the Kelvin method), of the effects which may be induced by the high-energy photon irradiation in the UPS measurement, and of the stability of the gold probe work function in gas ambient. We conclude that UPS is better-suited for absolute work function determination, although KP remains a convenient and inexpensive tool for fast screening of contact potential differences. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.
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