| 1. |
- Bakhiet, Salaheldin Fararh, et al.
(författare)
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Sex and national differences in internet addiction in Egypt and Saudi Arabia
- 2023
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Ingår i: Acta Psychologica. - : Elsevier. - 0001-6918 .- 1873-6297. ; 240
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Understanding individual differences in psychology, and how they relate to specific addictions, may allow society to better identify those at most risk and even enact policies to ameliorate them. Internet addiction is a growing health concern, a research focus of which is to understand individual differences and the psychology of those most susceptible to developing it. Western countries are strongly overrepresented in this regard.Method: Here, sex and national differences in internet addiction are measured, using Young's ‘Internet Addiction Test,’ in two non-Western countries, Egypt and Saudi Arabia. >800 students aged 18 and 35 years (M = 20.65, SD = 1.48) completed a multidimensional internet addiction instrument. The instrument measures traits such as Withdrawal and Social Problems, Time Management and Performance and Reality Substitute.Results: Analyses revealed that males scored higher than females and Saudis higher than Egyptians on nearly all scales, including the total score. Factor analysis of the 20-item instrument revealed three factors, all exhibiting sex and culture differences.Conclusions: These findings add to the body of evidence that males are higher than females in problematic internet use, as they are in addictive behaviors in general. Our findings may also imply that restrictions on male-female interaction, which are more pronounced in Saudi Arabia, may elevate the prevalence of internet addiction. The internet is also easier and cheaper to access in Saudi Arabia than in Egypt.
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| 2. |
- Cheng, Helen, et al.
(författare)
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Associations between childhood biomedical factors, maternal smoking, personality traits, Body and Mass Index and the prevalence of asthma in adulthood
- 2018
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Ingår i: Psychology and Health. - : Routledge. - 0887-0446 .- 1476-8321. ; 33:9, s. 1116-1129
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: The study set out to investigate socio-economic, biomedical, health and behavioural and psychological factors in childhood and adulthood associated with the prevalence of asthma in adulthood, drawing data from The National Child Development Studies (NCDS), a birth cohort in the UK.DESIGN: The National Child Development Study, a nationally representative sample of 17,415 babies born in Great Britain in 1958 and followed up at 7, 11, 33 and 50 years was used.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The prevalence of asthma at age 50 was the outcome measure. The analytic sample consists of 5118 participants with complete data on a set of measures at birth, at ages 7, 11, 33 and 50 years.RESULTS: Using logistic regression analyses, results showed that childhood asthma (OR = 6.77: 4.38-10.48, p < .001) and respiratory symptoms (OR = 1.83: 1.18-2.86, p < .01), maternal smoking during pregnancy (OR = 1.26: 1.00-1.59, p < .05), Body and Mass Index (BMI) (OR = 1.03: 1.02-1.05, p < .001), traits Neuroticism (OR = 1.13: 1.01-1.21, p < .05) and Conscientiousness (OR = 0.76: 0.76-0.96, p < .01), as well as sex (OR = 1.49: 1.15-1.94, p < .001) were all significantly associated with the prevalence of asthma in adulthood.CONCLUSION: The study shows that both childhood and adulthood psychological and sociological factors are significantly associated with the prevalence of asthma in adulthood, though more work need to be done in this area.
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| 3. |
- Cheng, Helen, et al.
(författare)
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Associations between familial factor, trait conscientiousness, gender and the occurrence of type 2 diabetes in adulthood : evidence from a British cohort
- 2015
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science. - 1932-6203. ; 10:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To investigate social, familial, and psychological factors in influencing the occurrence of type 2 diabetes in adulthood.Method: Some 17,415 babies born in Great Britain in 1958 and followed up at 7, 11, 33, and 50 years of age. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes at age 50 years was the outcome measure.Results: Some 5,032 participants with data on parental social class, childhood cognitive ability tests scores at age 11 years, educational qualifications at age 33 years, personality traits, occupational levels, and type 2 diabetes (all measured at age 50 years) were included in the study. Available information also included whether cohort members' parents or siblings had diabetes. Using logistic regression analyses, results showed that sex (OR= 0.63: 0.42-0.92, p<. 05), family history (OR= 3.40: 1.76-6.55, p<. 01), and trait conscientiousness (OR= 0.76: 0.64-0.90, p<. 001) were all significantly and independently associated with the occurrence of type 2 diabetes in adulthood. It appears that the occurrence of type 2 diabetes is greater among men than women (4.3% vs 2.5%).Conclusion: Familial (genetic and non-genetic) and psychological factors are significantly associated with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in adulthood.
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| 4. |
- Cheng, Helen, et al.
(författare)
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Biomedical, psychological, environmental and behavioural factors associated with adult obesity in a nationally representative sample
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Public Health. - : Springer. - 1741-3842 .- 1741-3850. ; 42:3, s. 570-578
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To identify personality, biomedical and behavioural factors associated with adult obesity in a large longitudinal sample.METHOD: In total, 5360 participants with data on personality, neurological functioning, maternal smoking during pregnancy, education and occupation, physical exercise, adult self-reported BMI and obesity were included in the study. Obesity at 55 years was the outcome variable.RESULTS: The rates of obesity increased from 9.5 to 22.8% from age 33 to 55 years. Logistic regression analyses (adjusted estimates) showed that childhood neurological functioning (OR = 1.32: 1.07-1.63, P < 0.01), maternal smoking during pregnancy (OR = 1.42: 1.22-1.65, P < 0.001), educational qualifications (OR = 0.54: 0.37-0.79, P < 0.01), trait conscientiousness (OR = 0.80:0.74-0.86, P < 0.001) and physical exercise (OR = 0.87: 0.82-0.92, P < 0.001) were significant predictors of obesity at age 55 years for both men and women. Trait extraversion for men (OR = 1.16: 1.07-1.26, P < 0.001) and trait emotional stability for women (OR = 0.90: 0.82-0.99, P < 0.05) were also significant predictors of the outcome variable.CONCLUSION: Biomedical, psychological, environmental and behavioural factors were all associated with adult obesity.
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| 5. |
- Cheng, Helen, et al.
(författare)
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Childhood heart problems, adulthood emotional stability, and sex associated with self-report heart conditions in adulthood
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Health Psychology. - : Sage Publications. - 1359-1053 .- 1461-7277. ; 26:4, s. 489-499
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study investigated biomedical, social, and psychological factors associated with self-reported heart conditions in adulthood in a British cohort. In total, 5697 (50.7% males) participants with data on parental socioeconomic status, childhood cognitive ability, childhood heart problems, educational qualifications, current occupational levels, adulthood personality traits, and the prevalence of self-reported heart conditions in adulthood were included in the study. The prevalence of self-reported heart conditions measured at age 54 years was the outcome variable. Hierarchical logistic regression analysis showed that childhood heart problems identified by physicians (OR = 3.47:1.74-6.92, p < 0.001) and trait emotional stability (OR = 0.83:0.75-0.93, p < 0.001) were the significant and independent predictors of self-reported heart conditions in adulthood. There were also significant sex effects on the prevalence of the outcome variable (OR = 0.53:0.42-0.63, p < 0.001). Both a biomedical and a psychological factor were significantly associated with self-reported heart conditions in adulthood.
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| 6. |
- Cheng, Helen, et al.
(författare)
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Emotional stability, conscientiousness, and self-reported hypertension in adulthood
- 2017
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 115, s. 159-163
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study aimed to investigate social and psychological factors in childhood and adulthood associated with self-reported hypertension in adulthood. Using data from the National Child Development Study, a nationally representative sample of 17,415 babies born in Great Britain in 1958 and followed up at 11, 33, and 50 years of age. Self-reported diagnosed hypertension by 50 years was the outcome measure. In total, 5753 participants with complete data on parental social class at birth, childhood cognitive ability test scores at 11 years, educational qualifications at 33 years, personality traits, occupational levels, and self-reported hypertension (all measured at age 50 years) were included in the study. Using logistic regression analyses, results showed that sex (OR = 0.60: 0.49–0.73, p < .001), educational qualifications (OR = 0.59: 0.37–0.92, p < .05), and traits emotional stability (OR = 0.84: 0.77–0.91, p < .001) and conscientiousness (OR = 0.89: 0.82–0.98, p < .05) were all significantly associated with the occurrence of self-reported hypertension in adulthood. Both psychological factors and socio-demographic factors were significantly associated with self-reported hypertension in adulthood.
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| 7. |
- Cheng, Helen, et al.
(författare)
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The associations between personality traits, education, occupation and the occurrence of eczema in adulthood
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Health Psychology. - London, United Kingdom : Sage Publications. - 1359-1053 .- 1461-7277. ; 22:7, s. 916-924
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There were 5834 participants with complete data on parental social class at birth, childhood cognitive ability tests scores at 11 years, educational qualifications at 33 years, the Big Five-Factor personality traits, occupational levels and eczema (measured at age 50 years). Results showed that eczema in childhood, educational achievement and occupational levels were significantly associated with the occurrence of reported eczema in adulthood. Emotionally Stable people (non-neurotic) were less likely to have eczema, but those with high Agreeableness and Openness more likely to have eczema. Childhood cognitive ability was significantly and positively associated with eczema in adulthood.
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| 8. |
- Swami, Viren, et al.
(författare)
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The Attractive Female Body Weight and Female Body Dissatisfaction in 26 Countries Across 10 World Regions : Results of the International Body Project I
- 2010
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Ingår i: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. - : Sage Publications. - 0146-1672 .- 1552-7433. ; 36:3, s. 309-325
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study reports results from the first International Body Project (IBP-I), which surveyed 7,434 individuals in 10 major world regions about body weight ideals and body dissatisfaction. Participants completed the female Contour Drawing Figure Rating Scale (CDFRS) and self-reported their exposure to Western and local media. Results indicated there were significant cross-regional differences in the ideal female figure and body dissatisfaction, but effect sizes were small across high-socioeconomic-status (SES) sites. Within cultures, heavier bodies were preferred in low-SES sites compared to high-SES sites in Malaysia and South Africa (ds = 1.94-2.49) but not in Austria. Participant age, body mass index (BMI), and Western media exposure predicted body weight ideals. BMI and Western media exposure predicted body dissatisfaction among women. Our results show that body dissatisfaction and desire for thinness is commonplace in high-SES settings across world regions, highlighting the need for international attention to this problem.
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