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- Ademuyiwa, Adesoji O., et al.
(författare)
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Determinants of morbidity and mortality following emergency abdominal surgery in children in low-income and middle-income countries
- 2016
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Ingår i: BMJ Global Health. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 2059-7908. ; 1:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Child health is a key priority on the global health agenda, yet the provision of essential and emergency surgery in children is patchy in resource-poor regions. This study was aimed to determine the mortality risk for emergency abdominal paediatric surgery in low-income countries globally.Methods: Multicentre, international, prospective, cohort study. Self-selected surgical units performing emergency abdominal surgery submitted prespecified data for consecutive children aged <16 years during a 2-week period between July and December 2014. The United Nation's Human Development Index (HDI) was used to stratify countries. The main outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality, analysed by multilevel logistic regression.Results: This study included 1409 patients from 253 centres in 43 countries; 282 children were under 2 years of age. Among them, 265 (18.8%) were from low-HDI, 450 (31.9%) from middle-HDI and 694 (49.3%) from high-HDI countries. The most common operations performed were appendectomy, small bowel resection, pyloromyotomy and correction of intussusception. After adjustment for patient and hospital risk factors, child mortality at 30 days was significantly higher in low-HDI (adjusted OR 7.14 (95% CI 2.52 to 20.23), p<0.001) and middle-HDI (4.42 (1.44 to 13.56), p=0.009) countries compared with high-HDI countries, translating to 40 excess deaths per 1000 procedures performed.Conclusions: Adjusted mortality in children following emergency abdominal surgery may be as high as 7 times greater in low-HDI and middle-HDI countries compared with high-HDI countries. Effective provision of emergency essential surgery should be a key priority for global child health agendas.
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- Bernal, Ximena E., et al.
(författare)
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Empowering Latina scientists
- 2019
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 363:6429, s. 825-826
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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- Estrader, Marta, et al.
(författare)
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Origin of the large dispersion of magnetic properties in nanostructured oxides : FexO/Fe3O4 nanoparticles as a case study
- 2015
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Ingår i: Nanoscale. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2040-3364 .- 2040-3372. ; 7:7, s. 3002-3015
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The intimate relationship between stoichiometry and physicochemical properties in transition-metal oxides makes them appealing as tunable materials. These features become exacerbated when dealing with nanostructures. However, due to the complexity of nanoscale materials, establishing a distinct relationship between structure-morphology and functionalities is often complicated. In this regard, in the FexO/Fe3O4 system a largely unexplained broad dispersion of magnetic properties has been observed. Here we show, thanks to a comprehensive multi-technique approach, a clear correlation between the magneto-structural properties in large (45 nm) and small (9 nm) FexO/Fe3O4 core/shell nanoparticles that can explain the spread of magnetic behaviors. The results reveal that while the FexO core in the large nanoparticles is antiferromagnetic and has bulk-like stoichiometry and unit-cell parameters, the FexO core in the small particles is highly non-stoichiometric and strained, displaying no significant antiferromagnetism. These results highlight the importance of ample characterization to fully understand the properties of nanostructured metal oxides.
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- Béland, Laurent Karim, et al.
(författare)
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Accurate classical short-range forces for the study of collision cascades in Fe-Ni-Cr
- 2017
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Ingår i: Computer Physics Communications. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-4655 .- 1879-2944. ; 219, s. 11-19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The predictive power of a classical molecular dynamics simulation is largely determined by the physical validity of its underlying empirical potential. In the case of high-energy collision cascades, it was recently shown that correctly modeling interactions at short distances is necessary to accurately predict primary damage production. An ab initio based framework is introduced for modifying an existing embedded atom method FeNiCr potential to handle these short-range interactions. Density functional theory is used to calculate the energetics of two atoms approaching each other, embedded in the alloy, and to calculate the equation of state of the alloy as it is compressed. The pairwise terms and the embedding terms of the potential are modified in accordance with the ab initio results. Using this reparametrized potential, collision cascades are performed in Ni50Fe50, Ni80Cr20 and Ni33Fe33Cr33. The simulations reveal that alloying Ni and NiCr to Fe reduces primary damage production, in agreement with some previous calculations. Alloying Ni and NiFe to Cr does not reduce primary damage production, in contradiction with previous calculations.
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- Berthelot, Claire C, et al.
(författare)
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Changes in PTGS1 and ALOX12 Gene Expression in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Are Associated with Changes in Arachidonic Acid, Oxylipins, and Oxylipin/Fatty Acid Ratios in Response to Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation
- 2015
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public library science. - 1932-6203. ; 10:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: There is a high degree of inter-individual variability among people in response to intervention with omega-3 fatty acids (FA), which may partly explain conflicting results on the effectiveness of omega-3 FA for the treatment and prevention of chronic inflammatory diseases. In this study we sought to evaluate whether part of this inter-individual variability in response is related to the regulation of key oxylipin metabolic genes in circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Methods: Plasma FA and oxylipin profiles from 12 healthy individuals were compared to PBMC gene expression profiles following six weeks of supplementation with fish oil, which delivered 1.9 g/d eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 1.5 g/d docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Fold changes in gene expression were measured by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results: Healthy individuals supplemented with omega-3 FA had differential responses in prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 (PTGS1), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase (ALOX12), and interleukin 8 (IL-8) gene expression in isolated PBMCs. In those individuals for whom plasma arachidonic acid (ARA) in the phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) lipid class decreased in response to omega-3 intervention, there was a corresponding decrease in gene expression for PTGS1 and ALOX12. Several oxylipin product/FA precursor ratios (e.g. prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2))/ARA for PTGS1 and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE)/ARA for ALOX12) were also associated with fold change in gene expression, suggesting an association between enzyme activity and gene expression. The fold-change in PTGS1 gene expression was highly positively correlated with ALOX12 gene expression but not with PTGS2, whereas IL-8 and PTGS2 were positively correlated. Conclusions: The regulation of important oxylipin metabolic genes in PBMCs varied with the extent of change in ARA concentrations in the case of PTGS1 and ALOX12 regulation. PBMC gene expression changes in response to omega-3 supplementation varied among healthy individuals, and were associated with changes in plasma FA and oxylipin composition to different degrees in different individuals.
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- Bever, Candace S., et al.
(författare)
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Effects of triclosan in breast milk on the infant fecal microbiome
- 2018
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 203, s. 467-473
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Triclosan is frequently used for its antimicrobial properties and has been detected in human serum, urine, and breast milk. Animal and molecular studies have shown that triclosan exerts a wide range of adverse health effects at both high (ppm) and low (ppb) concentrations. Since triclosan is of growing concern to human and environmental health, there is a need to improve extraction procedures and to study additional effects from triclosan exposure. In this study, we have improved triclosan extraction from breast milk by using salt (MgSO4) to reduce emulsion formation and increase water polarity and water (similar to 80%) to enhance the overall extraction efficiency (similar to 3.5 fold). This extraction method was applied to breast milk samples collected from donors who i) recorded their use of triclosan-containing personal care products and ii) provided matching infant stool samples. Of the participants who had detectable amounts of triclosan in their breast milk, nine (75%) of them reported daily use of triclosan-containing personal care products. Levels of triclosan in breast milk were compared to the donor's infant's fecal microbiome. We found that the bacterial diversity in the fecal microbiome of the infants exposed to breast milk with detectable triclosan levels differed compared to their peers exposed to milk containing non-detectable amounts. This finding implies that exogenous chemicals are impacting microbiome diversity.
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- Brunk, Elizabeth, et al.
(författare)
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Recon3D enables a three-dimensional view of gene variation in human metabolism
- 2018
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Ingår i: Nature Biotechnology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1087-0156 .- 1546-1696. ; 36:3, s. 272-281
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Genome-scale network reconstructions have helped uncover the molecular basis of metabolism. Here we present Recon3D, a computational resource that includes three-dimensional (3D) metabolite and protein structure data and enables integrated analyses of metabolic functions in humans. We use Recon3D to functionally characterize mutations associated with disease, and identify metabolic response signatures that are caused by exposure to certain drugs. Recon3D represents the most comprehensive human metabolic network model to date, accounting for 3,288 open reading frames (representing 17% of functionally annotated human genes), 13,543 metabolic reactions involving 4,140 unique metabolites, and 12,890 protein structures. These data provide a unique resource for investigating molecular mechanisms of human metabolism. Recon3D is available at http://vmh.life.
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| 10. |
- Carrasquilla, Germán D
(författare)
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Postmenopausal hormone therapy and cardiovascular risk
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Introduction and aims: Postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) is the most effective treatment for menopausal symptoms, but its safety has been debated during the past 15 years. Previous observational studies showed benefits from HT, whereas subsequent large randomized clinical trials showed an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other chronic diseases; the pivotal difference between these studies was the average age at HT initiation. Subsequent re-analyses of these observational studies and the randomized clinical trials, which considered age at HT initiation and years since menopause onset, showed less dissimilar results. This phenomenon gave support to the timing hypothesis, stating that HT, if initiated early in relation to menopause onset, may exert vascular protection, whereas there may be negative consequences if initiated late. This stresses the need for further studies. There is also limited knowledge about whether oestrogen type, route of administration, and duration of HT are important for the association between HT and cardiovascular risk, while considering the timing of HT initiation. In the present thesis, the aim was to assess how HT associates with the risk of CVD in menopausal women, with a specific focus on the role of timing of HT initiation, and with consideration of oestrogen types and combinations, routes of administration, and duration of use. Material and methods: The present thesis was based on observational data from a case- control study and pooled individual participant data from five population based cohorts. HT was categorized as early or late initiation in relation to the onset of menopause. Different groups of HT regimens and durations were considered. Coronary heart disease, stroke (composite end point), and haemorrhagic stroke end points were assessed from population registers. To assess the association between HT and CVD we performed logistic regression for the case-control study and Laplace regression for the pooled cohort data. The reference category was never use. Single and multivariable confounding control was performed for an array of factors. Results: After multivariable-adjustment, early HT initiation was not associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease, nor for stroke. These results held regardless of oestrogen regimen or combination (oestrogen-progestin), route of administration, and the duration. However, a specific analysis of haemorrhagic stroke revealed an increased risk if single conjugated equine oestrogens were used. Late HT initiation was associated with increased risk for coronary heart disease when the therapy was composed of equine oestrogens combined with a progestin. Risk of stroke and haemorrhagic stroke, on the other hand, were increased when single equine oestrogens were initiated late. Late initiation of combined HT was associated with an increased haemorrhagic stroke risk. Interpretation: HT did generally not increase the risk of CVD when initiated close to the onset of menopause. The results contribute to the scientific basis that may guide clinicians who handle patients seeking treatment for climacteric symptom control. The results should however not change current practice that recommends against the use of HT for prevention of CVD.
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