| 1. |
- Andersson, Lars-Magnus, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Increased cerebrospinal fluid ganglioside GD3 concentrations as a marker of microglial activation in HIV type 1 infection
- 1998
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Ingår i: AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. ; 14:12, s. 1065-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) invades the central nervous system (CNS) early in the infectious course. The predominant, productively infected cell type within the CNS is the microglial cell. We have analyzed the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of the ganglioside GD3, a microglia/macrophage and astrocyte marker, in 22 HIV-1-infected individuals at different stages of the disease, and in 44 age-matched HIV-negative, healthy controls. To distinguish between microglial/macrophage and astroglial involvement, the GD3 levels were compared with CSF levels of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAp), which is expressed exclusively in astrocytes. A significantly higher mean CSF concentration of GD3 was found in HIV-1-infected patients compared to controls (56.7 and 40.1 nmol/L, respectively, p < 0.001). Seven of 22 HIV-1-infected patients had increased CSF levels of GD3 (above mean + 2 SD in controls), all but one of these had normal levels of GFAp, indicating a microglial activation or proliferation as the major source of the increased GD3 levels.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Lars-Magnus, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Increased cerebrospinal fluid protein tau concentration in neuro-AIDS
- 1999
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Ingår i: J Neurol Sci. ; 171:2, s. 92-6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: Assessment of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of protein tau in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. MATERIAL AND METHODS: CSF tau levels were analyzed in 52 HIV-1-infected patients, 37 of whom had no neurological symptoms, eight had aquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) dementia complex (ADC), and seven had AIDS with other neurological complications. RESULTS: A significantly higher mean CSF tau concentration was found in patients with ADC (380 pg/ml) compared with patients with neuroasymptomatic HIV-1 infection (120 pg/ml, P<0.01) and HIV-negative controls (150 pg/ml, P<0.05). No difference in CSF tau levels was found between patients with ADC and patients with AIDS with other neurological complications. CONCLUSION: CSF tau might be used as a biochemical marker for axonal degeneration and might be of use to identify HIV-1-infected patients with ADC and other neurological complications, but it cannot discriminate between ADC and other neurological complications in HIV-1-infection.
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| 3. |
- Fuchs, Dietmar, et al.
(författare)
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Increase of tryptophan in serum and in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with HIV infection during zidovudine therapy
- 1996
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Ingår i: Adv Exp Med Biol. ; 398, s. 131-4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A high percentage of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection presents with decreased tryptophan concentrations in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. In parallel degradation products of tryptophan like kynurenine and quinolinic acid are increased. We investigated the behavior of tryptophan concentrations in 14 patients with HIV infection before and during treatment with zidovudine, and we found a significant increase of tryptophan in serum and cerebrospinal fluid after 4-14 months of therapy. In parallel, neopterin concentrations decreased significantly. Moreover, an association existed in cerebrospinal fluid between the degree of tryptophan increase and neopterin decrease. Thus, treatment with zidovudine contributes to a gradual normalization of tryptophan metabolism in patients with HIV-1 infection. The data imply that zidovudine therapy is associated not only with a reduction of virus replication but also immune activation is reduced.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Gisslén, Magnus, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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Cerebrospinal fluid viral load in HIV-1-infected patients without antiretroviral treatment: a longitudinal study
- 1998
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Ingår i: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. ; 17:4, s. 291-5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- HIV-1 RNA and neopterin levels were observed longitudinally for 20 to 68 months (mean, 37.5 months) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum in 15 HIV-1-infected patients not receiving antiretroviral treatment. During the course of infection the HIV-1 RNA levels increased significantly in CSF, from a mean of 3.08 to 3.51 log10 copies RNA/ml (p < .01). A significant positive correlation was found between the CSF levels of HIV-I RNA and neopterin (rs = 0.54; p < .001), which increased from 13.6 to 19.6 nmol/L (p < .01). No significant changes in HIV-1 RNA or neopterin levels were found in serum. We suggest that the increase of CSF viral load with time in HIV-1 infection triggers an intrathecal immune activation reflected by increased CSF levels of neopterin. These results are in accordance with the theory that a chronic immune stimulation within the central nervous system (CNS) is involved in the pathogenesis of neurologic HIV-1 disease.
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| 6. |
- Gisslén, Magnus, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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Cerebrospinal fluid viral load, intrathecal immunoactivation, and cerebrospinal fluid monocytic cell count in HIV-1 infection
- 1999
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Ingår i: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. ; 21:4, s. 271-6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To assess the association between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) viral load, intrathecal immunoactivation, and immunosuppression in HIV-1-infected individuals with no antiretroviral treatment experience a cross-sectional study of stored frozen CSF and plasma samples were conducted. The study population included a total of 120 antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients, 110 neuroasymptomatic patients, and 10 with neurologic complications. HIV-1 RNA was quantified in cell-free CSF and plasma using polymerase chain reaction (PCR; Roche Amplicor HIV-1 Monitor version 1.5, Roche Diagnostic Systems, Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., Base, Switzerland). Immunoactivation was measured by CSF-serum IgG index, CSF neopterin concentrations, and CSF monocytic cell count. The CSF HIV-1 RNA load did not differ significantly between patients with or without neurologic complications. In patients without neurologic symptoms, the CSF monocytic cell counts were correlated to the CSF viral load (r(s) = 0.40, p < .001), whereas IgG index and CSF neopterin concentrations were correlated to the viral load only in the subgroup of patients with CD4 counts > or =200 x 10(6) cells/L. In this subgroup of patients, the peripheral CD4 cell count was, as expected, inversely correlated to the CSF viral load (r. = -0.36, p < .01), whereas in patients with CD4 counts <200 x 10(6) cells/L, an unexpected, significant positive correlation (r(s) = 0.43, p < .01 ) was found. In HIV-1-infected patients with neurologic complications, no significant correlations were found between immune activation, CSF viral load, and immunosuppression.
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| 7. |
- Gisslén, Magnus, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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Elevated cerebrospinal fluid sulfatide concentrations as a sign of increased metabolic turnover of myelin in HIV type I infection
- 1996
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Ingår i: AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. ; 12:2, s. 149-55
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sulfatide concentrations were analyzed in 18 patients with asymptomatic HIV-1 infection, in 16 patients with AIDS who were free from opportunistic infections in the central nervous system (CNS), in 12 HIV-1-infected patients with opportunistic CNS infections or lymphoma, and in 19 HIV-negative controls, by thin-layer chromatography overlay technique using an antisulfatide antibody to estimate the metabolic turnover of myelin. The majority of asymptomatic HIV-1-infected patients had normal CSF sulfatide concentrations, but the mean CSF sulfatide concentration was still elevated compared to that in HIV-negative controls (152 compared to 99 nmol/liter, p < 0.05). The CSF sulfatide concentrations in the AIDS group (mean 395 nmol/liter) were significantly increased compared to those in asymptomatic HIV-1-infected patients (p < 0.01) and in HIV-negative controls (p < 0.001), but did not differ significantly between patients with and without dementia. Increased CSF sulfatide concentrations were also found in patients with opportunistic infection or lymphoma in the CNS. In the entire study population, the sulfatide levels were associated with blood-brain barrier function, but not with intrathecal immunoglobulin production or with positive HIV isolations from CSF. Thus, signs of white matter changes, measured as increased CSF sulfatide concentrations, could be found in some asymptomatic HIV-1-infected patients, but the highest levels were seen in patients with AIDS.
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| 8. |
- Gisslén, Magnus, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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High levels in serum, but no signs of intrathecal synthesis of anti-sulfatide antibodies in HIV-1 infected individuals with or without central nervous system complications
- 1999
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Ingår i: J Neuroimmunol. ; 94:1-2, s. 153-6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Myelin degeneration is commonly found in the central nervous system (CNS) of individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), especially in patients with HIV-1-associated dementia. We analysed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples from 25 HIV-1 infected individuals for the presence of antibodies directed against sulfatide, the major acidic glycosphingolipid in myelin. Nine of the patients had CNS complications, including 3 with HIV-1-associated dementia, and 16 had no neurological symptoms. Elevated titres of anti-sulfatide antibodies were found in serum from 24/25 HIV-1-infected individuals but in none of them in the CSF. Although the vast majority of HIV-1-infected individuals harbour autoantibodies directed against sulfatide in serum, the lack of detectable intrathecal production indicates that anti-sulfatide antibodies are not a major component in the pathogenesis of CNS myelin damage in HIV-1 infection.
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