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- Zouganelis, I., et al.
(författare)
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The Solar Orbiter Science Activity Plan : Translating solar and heliospheric physics questions into action
- 2020
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Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - : EDP SCIENCES S A. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 642
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Solar Orbiter is the first space mission observing the solar plasma both in situ and remotely, from a close distance, in and out of the ecliptic. The ultimate goal is to understand how the Sun produces and controls the heliosphere, filling the Solar System and driving the planetary environments. With six remote-sensing and four in-situ instrument suites, the coordination and planning of the operations are essential to address the following four top-level science questions: (1) What drives the solar wind and where does the coronal magnetic field originate?; (2) How do solar transients drive heliospheric variability?; (3) How do solar eruptions produce energetic particle radiation that fills the heliosphere?; (4) How does the solar dynamo work and drive connections between the Sun and the heliosphere? Maximising the mission's science return requires considering the characteristics of each orbit, including the relative position of the spacecraft to Earth (affecting downlink rates), trajectory events (such as gravitational assist manoeuvres), and the phase of the solar activity cycle. Furthermore, since each orbit's science telemetry will be downloaded over the course of the following orbit, science operations must be planned at mission level, rather than at the level of individual orbits. It is important to explore the way in which those science questions are translated into an actual plan of observations that fits into the mission, thus ensuring that no opportunities are missed. First, the overarching goals are broken down into specific, answerable questions along with the required observations and the so-called Science Activity Plan (SAP) is developed to achieve this. The SAP groups objectives that require similar observations into Solar Orbiter Observing Plans, resulting in a strategic, top-level view of the optimal opportunities for science observations during the mission lifetime. This allows for all four mission goals to be addressed. In this paper, we introduce Solar Orbiter's SAP through a series of examples and the strategy being followed.
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- Hathazi, D., et al.
(författare)
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Metabolic shift underlies recovery in reversible infantile respiratory chain deficiency
- 2020
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Ingår i: Embo Journal. - : EMBO. - 0261-4189 .- 1460-2075. ; 39:23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Reversible infantile respiratory chain deficiency (RIRCD) is a rare mitochondrial myopathy leading to severe metabolic disturbances in infants, which recover spontaneously after 6-months of age. RIRCD is associated with the homoplasmic m.14674T>C mitochondrial DNA mutation; however, only similar to 1/100 carriers develop the disease. We studied 27 affected and 15 unaffected individuals from 19 families and found additional heterozygous mutations in nuclear genes interacting with mt-tRNAGlu including EARS2 and TRMU in the majority of affected individuals, but not in healthy carriers of m.14674T>C, supporting a digenic inheritance. Our transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of patient muscle suggests a stepwise mechanism where first, the integrated stress response associated with increased FGF21 and GDF15 expression enhances the metabolism modulated by serine biosynthesis, one carbon metabolism, TCA lipid oxidation and amino acid availability, while in the second step mTOR activation leads to increased mitochondrial biogenesis. Our data suggest that the spontaneous recovery in infants with digenic mutations may be modulated by the above described changes. Similar mechanisms may explain the variable penetrance and tissue specificity of other mtDNA mutations and highlight the potential role of amino acids in improving mitochondrial disease.
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- Zietz, Susannah, et al.
(författare)
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Household income loss, parental depression, and adolescent internalizing/externalizing behavior : A longitudinal study in seven countries.
- 2021
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A large body of previous research using the family stress model has examined relations among economic pressure, parental psychological distress, and child psychosocial development. However, the impact of income loss changes in the broader macro-economic cultural context in which families are situated. For example, in countries with more generous social safety nets or where helping extended family members is more normative, income loss may be less predictive of parent and child psychosocial outcomes. This study examined the longitudinal links among the adverse event of severe household income loss, parental depression, and adolescent internalizing and externalizing behavior. Longitudinal data from 1,082 families in 10 cultural groups in seven countries (Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Philippines, Thailand, and United States) were included. The data on income were collected between 2011 and 2013, a period when Italy was in recession and many of the other countries had just started recovering from a period or multiple periods of recession. Across all countries, when the child was 12 years old (referencing a 12 month period somewhere between 2011 and 2013), 14% of families had experienced a decrease in their household annual income by more than 25% (ranging from 4% of families in Colombia to 25% of families in Naples, Italy). A multiple-group structural equation model was conducted with 5,000 bootstrap replications. We constrained all paths to be equal across cultures and then used an iterative process of referencing modification indices to indicate whether to release a path in a specific culture. We then used chi square difference tests to assess whether the restricted model with equal paths was significantly worse than the alternative model allowing a loading to differ in one culture. The final model released an average of 4.5 paths per culture (out of a possible 27) and fit the data well (RMSEA=.040 90% CI: .016, .056; CFI/TLI=.971/.962; SRMR=.073) revealed that controlling for child gender, parental education, household income, former severe income loss, and age 12 internalizing and externalizing behavior, maternal depression (age 13) fully mediated the relation between a family experiencing severe income loss (age 12) and child internalizing behavior (age 14) in all cultures except the Philippines. However, paternal depression did not mediate this relation. There was no significant relation with any of the variables and child externalizing in any of the cultural groups. Additionally, we found in Thailand, household income (standardized within cultural group) moderated the relation between severe income loss and both maternal and paternal depression. This study largely found effects of severe income loss on maternal depression and child internalizing, regardless of the level of income before the loss, indicating that although those living in poverty may be the most vulnerable to adverse effects on child development, in 9 out of 10 cultures in the study, the effects of severe income loss on family stress did not vary as a function of household income. This finding supports policies such as Universal Basic Income and cash transfers, to potentially mitigate the effects severe income loss.
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