| 1. |
- Braine, J., et al.
(författare)
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Cool gas and dust in M33: Results from the HERschel M33 Extended Survey (HERM33ES)
- 2010
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Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - : EDP Sciences. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 518:Article Number: L69
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present an analysis of the first space-based far-IR-submm observations of M33, which measure the emission from the cool dust and resolve the giant molecular cloud complexes. With roughly half-solar abundances, M33 is a first step towards young low-metallicity galaxies where the submm may be able to provide an alternative to CO mapping to measure their H-2 content. In this Letter, we measure the dust emission cross-section sigma using SPIRE and recent CO and HI observations; a variation in s is present from a near-solar neighborhood cross-section to about half-solar with the maximum being south of the nucleus. Calculating the total H column density from the measured dust temperature and cross-section, and then subtracting the HI column, yields a morphology similar to that observed in CO. The H-2/HI mass ratio decreases from about unity to well below 10% and is about 15% averaged over the optical disk. The single most important observation to reduce the potentially large systematic errors is to complete the CO mapping of M33.
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| 2. |
- Buchbender, C., et al.
(författare)
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Dense gas in M 33 (HerM33es)
- 2013
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Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - : EDP Sciences. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 549, s. 17-36
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims. We aim to better understand the emission of molecular tracers of the diffuse and dense gas in giant molecular clouds and the influence that metallicity, optical extinction, density, far-UV field, and star formation rate have on these tracers.Methods. Using the IRAM 30 m telescope, we detected HCN, HCO+, 12CO, and 13CO in six GMCs along the major axis of M 33 at a resolution of ~114 pc and out to a radial distance of 3.4 kpc. Optical, far-infrared, and submillimeter data from Herschel and other observatories complement these observations. To interpret the observed molecular line emission, we created two grids of models of photon-dominated regions, one for solar and one for M 33-type subsolar metallicity.Results. The observed HCO+/HCN line ratios range between 1.1 and 2.5. Similarly high ratios have been observed in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The HCN/CO ratio varies between 0.4% and 2.9% in the disk of M 33. The 12CO/13CO line ratio varies between 9 and 15 similar to variations found in the diffuse gas and the centers of GMCs of the Milky Way. Stacking of all spectra allowed HNC and C2H to be detected. The resulting HCO+/HNC and HCN/HNC ratios of ~8 and 6, respectively, lie at the high end of ratios observed in a large set of (ultra-)luminous infrared galaxies. HCN abundances are lower in the subsolar metallicity PDR models, while HCO+ abundances are enhanced. For HCN this effect is more pronounced at low optical extinctions. The observed HCO+/HCN and HCN/CO line ratios are naturally explained by subsolar PDR models of low optical extinctions between 4 and 10 mag and of moderate densities of n 3 × 103–3 × 104 cm-3, while the FUV field strength only has a small effect on the modeled line ratios. The line ratios are almost equally well reproduced by the solar-metallicity models, indicating that variations in metallicity only play a minor role in influencing these line ratios.
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| 3. |
- Gonzalez-Alfonso, E., et al.
(författare)
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Herschel observations of water vapour in Markarian 231
- 2010
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Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - : EDP Sciences. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 518:Article Number: L43
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Ultra luminous infrared galaxy (ULIRG) Mrk 231 reveals up to seven rotational lines of water (H2O) in emission, including a very high-lying (Eupper = 640 K) line detected at a 4 sigma level, within the Herschel/SPIRE wavelength range (190
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| 4. |
- Gonzalez, Israel, et al.
(författare)
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From paper to nanopaper: evolution of mechanical and physical properties
- 2014
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Ingår i: Cellulose. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0969-0239 .- 1572-882X. ; 21:4, s. 2599-2609
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the present work the evolution of physical and mechanical properties of papers and nanopapers is studied. Handsheets made of eucalyptus fibres reinforced with 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 wt% of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) content were fabricated using a Rapid Köthen-like equipment. The obtained papers and nanopapers were physical- and mechanically-characterized. The results showed a significant increase in density and a reduction of porosity in the samples during their transition from paper to nanopaper; besides, nanopapers were more transparent and smoother than normal papers. These physical changes where more evident with increasing amounts of NFC. Regarding mechanical properties, nanopapers with a 100 wt% content of NFC improved their strength and rigidity in 228 and 317 %, respectively, in comparison with normal papers. The evolution of strength and rigidity from paper to nanopaper was linear in relation to the amount of NFC, which means that the ultimate tensile strength was mainly dependant on nanofibril failure.
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| 5. |
- Gonzalez-Ramirez, Israel, et al.
(författare)
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On the N-1-H and N-3-H Bond Dissociation in Uracil by Low Energy Electrons : A CASSCF/CASPT2 Study
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1549-9618 .- 1549-9626. ; 8:8, s. 2769-2776
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The dissociative electron-attachment (DEA) phenomena at the N-1-H and N-3-H bonds observed experimentally at low energies (<3 eV) in uracil are studied with the CASSCF/CASPT2 methodology. Two valence bound pi(-) and two dissociative sigma(-) states of the uracil anionic species, together with the ground state of the neutral molecule, are proven to contribute to the shapes appearing in the experimental DEA cross sections. Conical intersections (CI) between the pi(-) and sigma(-) are established as the structures which activate the DEA processes. The N-1-H and N-3-H DEA mechanisms in uracil are described, and experimental observations are interpreted on the basis of two factors: (1) the relative energy of the (U-H)(-) + H fragments obtained after DEA with respect to the ground-state equilibrium structure (S-0) of the neutral molecule (threshold for DEA) and (2) the relative energy of the CIs also with respect to S-0 (band maxima). The pi(-)(1) state is found to be mainly responsible for the N-1-H bond breaking, whereas the pi(-)(2) state is proved to be involved in the cleavage of the N-3-H bond.
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| 6. |
- Gonzalez-Ramirez, Israel, et al.
(författare)
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On the photoproduction of DNA/RNA cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers
- 2011
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Ingår i: Theoretical Chemistry accounts. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-881X .- 1432-2234. ; 128:4-6, s. 705-711
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The UV photoreactivity of different pyrimidine DNA/RNA nucleobases along the singlet manifold leading to the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers has been studied by using the CASPT2 level of theory. The initially irradiated singlet state promotes the formation of excimers between pairs of properly oriented nucleobases through the overlap between the pi structures of two stacked nucleobases. The system evolves then to the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers via a shearing-type conical intersection activating a [2 + 2] photocycloaddition mechanism. The relative location of stable excimer conformations or alternative decay channels with respect to the reactive degeneracy region explains the differences in the photoproduction efficiency observed in the experiments for different nucleobases sequences. A comparative analysis of the main structural parameters and energetic profiles in the singlet manifold is carried out for thymine, uracil, cytosine, and 5-methylcytosine homodimers. Thymine and uracil dimers display the most favorable paths, in contrast to cytosine. Methylation of the nucleobases seems to increase the probability for dimerization.
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| 7. |
- Kramer, C., et al.
(författare)
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PACS and SPIRE photometer maps of M33: First results of the HERschel M33 Extended Survey (HERM33ES)
- 2010
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Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - : EDP Sciences. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 518:Article Number: L67
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context. Within the framework of the HERM33ES key program, we are studying the star forming interstellar medium in the nearby, metal-poor spiral galaxy M33, exploiting the high resolution and sensitivity of Herschel. Aims. We use PACS and SPIRE maps at 100, 160, 250, 350, and 500 mu m wavelength, to study the variation of the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) with galacto-centric distance. Methods. Detailed SED modeling is performed using azimuthally averaged fluxes in elliptical rings of 2 kpc width, out to 8 kpc galacto-centric distance. Simple isothermal and two-component grey body models, with fixed dust emissivity index, are fitted to the SEDs between 24 mu m and 500 mu m using also MIPS/Spitzer data, to derive first estimates of the dust physical conditions. Results. The far-infrared and submillimeter maps reveal the branched, knotted spiral structure of M33. An underlying diffuse disk is seen in all SPIRE maps (250-500 mu m). Two component fits to the SEDs agree better than isothermal models with the observed, total and radially averaged flux densities. The two component model, with beta fixed at 1.5, best fits the global and the radial SEDs. The cold dust component clearly dominates; the relative mass of the warm component is less than 0.3% for all the fits. The temperature of the warm component is not well constrained and is found to be about 60 K +/- 10 K. The temperature of the cold component drops significantly from similar to 24 K in the inner 2 kpc radius to 13 K beyond 6 kpc radial distance, for the best fitting model. The gas-to-dust ratio for beta = 1.5, averaged over the galaxy, is higher than the solar value by a factor of 1.5 and is roughly in agreement with the subsolar metallicity of M33.
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| 8. |
- Meijerink, R., et al.
(författare)
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Evidence for CO Shock Excitation in NGC 6240 from Herschel SPIRE Spectroscopy
- 2013
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Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal Letters. - 2041-8213 .- 2041-8205. ; 762:2, s. L16-L20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present Herschel SPIRE FTS spectroscopy of the nearby luminous infrared galaxy NGC 6240. In total 20 linesare detected, including CO J = 4−3 through J = 13−12, 6 H2O rotational lines, and [C i] and [N ii] fine-structurelines. The CO to continuum luminosity ratio is 10 times higher in NGC 6240 than Mrk 231. Although the COladdersof NGC 6240 and Mrk 231 are very similar, UV and/or X-ray irradiation are unlikely to be responsible for theexcitation of the gas in NGC 6240.We applied both C and J shock models to the H2 v = 1–0 S(1) and v = 2–1 S(1)lines and the CO rotational ladder. The CO ladder is best reproduced by amodel with shock velocity vs = 10 km s−1and a pre-shock density nH = 5 × 104 cm−3. We find that the solution best fitting the H2 lines is degenerate. The shock velocities and number densities range between vs = 17–47 km s−1 and nH = 107–5×104 cm−3, respectively.The H2 lines thus need a much more powerful shock than the CO lines.We deduce that most of the gas is currently moderately stirred up by slow (10 km s−1) shocks while only a small fraction (1%) of the interstellar mediumis exposed to the high-velocity shocks. This implies that the gas is rapidly losing its highly turbulent motions. We argue that a high CO line-to-continuum ratio is a key diagnostic for the presence of shocks.
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| 9. |
- van der Werf, P.P., et al.
(författare)
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Black hole accretion and star formation as drivers of gas excitation and chemistry in Markarian 231
- 2010
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Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - : EDP Sciences. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 518:Article Number: L42
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a full high resolution SPIRE FTS spectrum of the nearby ultraluminous infrared galaxy Mrk 231. In total 25 lines are detected, including CO J = 5-4 through J = 13-12, 7 rotational lines of H2O, 3 of OH+ and one line each of H2O+, CH+, and HF. We find that the excitation of the CO rotational levels up to J = 8 can be accounted for by UV radiation from star formation. However, the approximately flat luminosity distribution of the CO lines over the rotational ladder above J = 8 requires the presence of a separate source of excitation for the highest CO lines. We explore X-ray heating by the accreting supermassive black hole in Mrk 231 as a source of excitation for these lines, and find that it can reproduce the observed luminosities. We also consider a model with dense gas in a strong UV radiation field to produce the highest CO lines, but find that this model strongly overpredicts the hot dust mass in Mrk 231. Our favoured model consists of a star forming disk of radius 560 pc, containing clumps of dense gas exposed to strong UV radiation, dominating the emission of CO lines up to J = 8. X-rays from the accreting supermassive black hole in Mrk 231 dominate the excitation and chemistry of the inner disk out to a radius of 160 pc, consistent with the X-ray power of the AGN in Mrk 231. The extraordinary luminosity of the OH+ and H2O+ lines reveals the signature of X-ray driven excitation and chemistry in this region.
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