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- Bonnedahl, Jonas, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Dissemination of Escherichia coli with CTX-M Type ESBL between Humans and Yellow-Legged Gulls in the South of France
- 2009
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - San Francisco, CA, United States : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 4:Article number: e5958
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Extended Spectrum beta-Lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae started to appear in the 1980s, and have since emerged as some of the most significant hospital-acquired infections with Escherichia coli and Klebsiella being main players. More than 100 different ESBL types have been described, the most widespread being the CTX-M beta-lactamase enzymes (bla(CTX-M) genes). This study focuses on the zoonotic dissemination of ESBL bacteria, mainly CTX-M type, in the southern coastal region of France. We found that the level of general antibiotic resistance in single randomly selected E. coli isolates from wild Yellow-legged Gulls in France was high. Nearly half the isolates (47,1%) carried resistance to one or more antibiotics (in a panel of six antibiotics), and resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin and streptomycin was most widespread. In an ESBL selective screen, 9,4% of the gulls carried ESBL producing bacteria and notably, 6% of the gulls carried bacteria harboring CTX-M-1 group of ESBL enzymes, a recently introduced and yet the most common clinical CTX-M group in France. Multi locus sequence type and phylogenetic group designations were established for the ESBL isolates, revealing that birds and humans share E. coli populations. Several ESBL producing E. coli isolated from birds were identical to or clustered with isolates with human origin. Hence, wild birds pick up E. coli of human origin, and with human resistance traits, and may accordingly also act as an environmental reservoir and melting pot of bacterial resistance with a potential to re-infect human populations.
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| 2. |
- Eklund, Ulrik, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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Experience of introducing reference architectures in the development of automotive electronic systems
- 2005
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Ingår i: International Conference on Software Engineering: Proceedings of the second international workshop on Software engineering for automotive systems. - 1595931287
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The requirements on increasing functionality, quality, and, customisation, while reducing cost has lead to the introduction of an architecture centred development process for electronic systems at Volvo Cars. This process enables better control of system integration and achieving non-functional requirements, such as reusability, understandability, etc. The result of the process is a reference architecture that includes strategies for implementing the balanced requirements, architectural views that provide means for reasoning about all the concerns of all stakeholders, and a top-level design of the architecturally significant parts. The reference architecture guides the design of several projects, and thus, cost is optimised accordingly. The main contribution of this paper is that we present experiences from introducing the architecture centred process. The main conclusions are that disseminating and maintaining the reference architecture actually require more resources than developing it. Furthermore, experience shows it is difficult to create an architecture that enables a lot of different variants that is also strategically useable in the long term.
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