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- Granstrand, Ove, 1944
(författare)
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A cooperative game theory systems approach to the value analysis of (innovation) ecosystems
- 2024
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Ingår i: Technovation. - 0166-4972. ; 130
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a new approach for analyzing ecosystems in general, be they technical and/or economic, or even biological, with special reference to innovation ecosystems. The approach is grounded in systems theory and game theory, especially cooperative game theory. Theory approaches to ecosystem analysis in previous research are reviewed. Procedures are presented for assessing value creation and value capture in an ecosystem structured by complementary and substitute relations in an artifact subsystem and analogous cooperative and competitive relations in an actor system, CS-relations for short. Some measures of structural importance in an ecosystem structured by such CS-relations are presented and compared, especially the Shapley value. A number of simple but illustrative examples and applications are given. The paper finally proposes a formal representation of an ecosystem as being a pair of cooperative games linked by a map between them, representing ownership and control relations between artifacts and actors. The article is kept at a moderate level of formalism.
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| 2. |
- Granstrand, Ove, 1944, et al.
(författare)
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Fairness in intellectual property valuation and value-sharing: Towards fair pricing in technology trade and licensing
- 2020
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Ingår i: Stockholm Intellectual Property Law Review. - 2003-2382. ; 3:1, s. 6-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In today's complex and digital business landscape, innovation is typically not an effort of a lonely genius or an activity confined to a single corporate R&D lab. Instead, the innovation process often involves open innovation, technology trade, and intellectual property (IP) licensing between multiple firms in what is sometimes referred to as an innovation ecosystem. While this interaction is conducive to value creation, it also creates a pressing need for better methods and principles for fairly capturing and sharing value among contributors. The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the plurality and specificity of fairness principles, how they appear in IP negotiation experiments with 105 participants, and what outcomes they generate compared to competitive behavior. The paper especially highlights how investments and the structure of innovation actors, artifacts (such as patents), and activities impact fairness.
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| 3. |
- Granstrand, Ove, 1944, et al.
(författare)
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Innovation ecosystems: A conceptual review and a new definition
- 2020
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Ingår i: Technovation. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-4972. ; 90-91
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concept of innovation ecosystems has become popular during the last 15 years, leading to a debate regarding its relevance and conceptual rigor, not the least in this journal. The purpose of this article is to review received definitions of innovation ecosystems and related concepts and to propose a synthesized definition of an innovation ecosystem. The conceptual analysis identifies an unbalanced focus on complementarities, collaboration, and actors in received definitions, and among other things proposes the additional inclusion of competition, substitutes, and artifacts in conceptualizations of innovation ecosystems, leading to the following definition: An innovation ecosystem is the evolving set of actors, activities, and artifacts, and the institutions and relations, including complementary and substitute relations, that are important for the innovative performance of an actor or a population of actors. This definition is compatible with related conceptualizations of innovation systems and natural ecosystems, and the validity of it is illustrated with three empirical examples of innovation ecosystems.
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| 4. |
- Granstrand, Ove, 1944
(författare)
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Towards a Theory of Innovation Governance and the Role of IPRs
- 2020
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Ingår i: GRUR International. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 2632-8550 .- 2632-8623. ; 69:4, s. 341-354
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper theorizes about innovation governance, especially about governance of open innovation and the nature and role of IPRs. A reinterpretation of open innovation is offered in terms of the emergence of various types of markets for inputs to and outputs from innovative activities. These open innovation markets are typically markets for ideas, technologies, knowledge and data such as licensing markets, equity markets, and matching markets for innovation collaborations and correspond to various types of open innovation strategies viewed from the inside out in a focal firm's perspective. Open innovation-seen as a set of quasi-integrated organizational forms for innovative activities in between market and hierarchical firm organizations-is then explainable in terms of determinants of supply and demand. Intellectual property rights (IPRs) then play a new role as tools for innovation governance, thereby economizing on governance costs in an extended transaction cost framework. Licensing of usage rights is key to using IPRs for innovation governance. The by now standard property rights approach to rights in intellectual resources has to be challenged, however, and referred to as 'intellectual rights' rather than IPRs. In addition, the governing role of IPRs can be improved by combining them with liabilities into a hybrid approach. Organizational responsibilities provide still another institutional arrangement for innovation governance, and integration of rights, liabilities and responsibilities provide a new theoretical perspective on innovation governance-a perspective that also can provide links between organization theory, transaction cost economics and property rights theory.
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| 5. |
- Holgersson, Marcus, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Value capture in open innovation markets: the role of patent rights for innovation appropriation
- 2022
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Ingår i: European Journal of Innovation Management. - 1460-1060. ; 25:6, s. 320-339
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose The role of patents for appropriating (capturing) value from innovation investments has for decades been of major interest to both practitioners and academics in innovation management. Many studies have implicitly assumed that firms appropriate value through in-house creation and marketing of innovative products and services, and that the main function of patents is to protect the exclusive sales in product and service markets. We challenge this assumption in light of the variety of business models, strategies and markets now being available, including different organizational and market forms of open innovation. Design/methodology/approach A conceptual framework and typology of open innovation markets is developed, and the role of patents for appropriation is investigated in these markets among 172 Swedish technology-based firms. Findings The results show that the importance of patents has a skewed distribution with some firms rating patents very important and with a fat tail of firms rating patents less important. Most importantly, the results indicate that patents are enabling exchange and technology trade in various types of open innovation markets rather than only supporting vertically integrated business models. Thus patents were found to help rather than hinder the use of open innovation markets. Originality/value The paper makes two main contributions. First a theoretical reinterpretation of open innovation with a conceptualization of open innovation markets for appropriation of innovation values. Second an empirical illustration of new roles of patents for appropriating innovation values in these markets. The paper in addition illustrates the use of a counterfactual approach to questionnaire surveys, as well as the complementarities between patents and other means of appropriation.
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