| 1. |
- Faltmarsch, Rasmus, et al.
(författare)
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Metal concentrations in oats (Avena sativa L.) grown on acid sulphate soils
- 2009
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Ingår i: Agricultural and Food Science. - : Agricultural and Food Science. - 1459-6067 .- 1795-1895. ; 18:1, s. 45-56
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of soil chemistry on the concentrations of Co, Ni, Zn, Mn, Cu and Fe in oats (Avena saliva L. cv. Fiia) grown on Finnish acid sulphate (AS) soils with varying geochemical characteristics. Twenty two soil profiles, which were sampled to a depth of 1 m (five 20 cm section splits), and 26 composite oat grain samples were collected on a total of five fields. The concentrations of Co, Ni, Zn and Mn in the grains were correlated with the NH4Ac-EDTA-extractable concentrations in the soils. However, as these four chalcophilic metals are in general easily lost to drains and not retained as a large pool in the soil in easily-extractable form, also the concentrations in the oats were not in general elevated as compared with average values on other soils. On one of the fields, however, the Co and Ni concentrations in the soil, and thus also in the oats, were clearly elevated. Copper and Fe displayed no correlation between the soil and oat concentrations, indicating that the plant-uptake mechanisms are much more important than variations in geochemistry. It was suggested that the NH4Ac-EDTA solution was not efficient in extracting Fe and Cu, which shows that these metals are bound in relatively immobile oxyhydroxides.
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| 2. |
- Fritioff, Åsa, et al.
(författare)
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Fate of Cadmium in Elodea canadensis
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Botany. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-0957 .- 1460-2431. ; 67:2, s. 365-375
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Elodea canadensis is a submersed macrophytes, widely distributed in stormwater treatment ponds and able to remove heavy metals from water. This study examines the Cd uptake, translocation, and efflux patterns in Elodea. Several experiments were set up in a climate chamber. To study the root and shoot Cd uptake, living and dead roots and shoots were treated with 109Cd in one- and two-compartment systems. Furthermore, to examine Cd translocation and distribution, either roots or shoots were treated with 109Cd. Finally, the efflux of Cd from roots and shoots, respectively, to the external solution was studied after loading whole plants with 109Cd. Results from the two compartment studies show that Cd is accumulated via direct uptake by both roots and shoots of Elodea. The Cd accumulation proved not to be metabolically dependent in Elodea, and the apoplastic uptake in particular was decreased by Cd pretreatment. In one week, up to 23% of the root uptake was translocated to the shoots, while about 2% of the Cd accumulated by shoots was translocated to the roots. Thus, slight dispersion of Cd is possible, while metal immobilization will not be directly mediated via the Elodea plant. The efflux experiment proved that both shoots of dead plants and roots of living plants had a faster efflux than did shoots of living plants. This information is relevant for an understanding of the fate of Cd in stormwater treatment ponds with Elodea .
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| 3. |
- Fritioff, Åsa, 0069-
(författare)
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Metal accumulation by plants : evaluation of the use of plants in stormwater treatment
- 2005
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Metal contaminated stormwater, i.e. surface runoff in urban areas, can be treated in percolation systems, ponds, or wetlands to prevent the release of metals into receiving waters. Plants in such systems can, for example, attenuate water flow, bind sediment, and directly accumulate metals. By these actions plants affect metal mobility. This study aimed to examine the accumulation of Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb in roots and shoots of plant species common in stormwater areas. Furthermore, submersed plants were used to examine the fate of metals: uptake, translocation, and leakage. Factors known to influence metal accumulation, such as metal ion competition, water salinity, and temperature, were also examined. The following plant species were collected in the field: terrestrial plants – Impatiens parviflora, Filipendula ulmaria, and Urtica dioica; emergent plants – Alisma-plantago aquatica, Juncus effusus, Lythrum salicaria, Sagittaria sagittifolia, and Phalaris arundinacea; free-floating plants – Lemna gibba and Lemna minor; and submersed plants – Elodea canadensis and Potamogeton natans. Furthermore, the two submersed plants, E. canadensis and P. natans, were used in climate chamber experiments to study the fate of the metals in the plant–water system.Emergent and terrestrial plant species accumulated high concentrations of metals in their roots under natural conditions but much less so in their shoots, and the accumulation increased further with increased external concentration. The submersed and free-floating species accumulated high levels of metals in both their roots and shoots. Metals accumulated in the shoots of E. canadensis and P. natans derived mostly from direct metal uptake from the water column.The accumulation of Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb in submersed species was in general high, the highest concentrations being measured in the roots, followed by the leaves and stems, E. canadensis having higher accumulation capacity than P. natans. In E. canadensis the Cd uptake was passive, and the accumulation in dead plants exceeded the of living with time. The capacity to quickly accumulate Cd in the apoplast decreased with successive treatments. Some of the Cd accumulated was readily available for leakage. In P. natans, the presence of mixtures of metal ions, common in stormwater, did not alter the accumulation of the individual metals compared to when presented separately. It is therefore, proposed that the site of uptake is specific for each metal ion. In addition cell wall-bound fraction increased with increasing external concentration. Further, decreasing the temperature from 20ºC to 5ºC and increasing the salinity from 0‰ to 5‰ S reduced Zn and Cd uptake by a factor of two.In P. natans the metals were not translocated within the plant, while in E. canadensis Cd moved between roots and shoots. Thus, E. canadensis as opposed to P. natans may increase the dispersion of metals from sediment via acropetal translocation. The low basipetal translocation implies that neither E. canadensis nor P. natans will directly mediate the immobilisation of metal to the sediment via translocation.To conclude, emergent and terrestrial plant species seem to enhance metal stabilization in the soil/sediment. The submersed plants, when present, slightly increase the retention of metals via shoot accumulation.
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| 4. |
- Fritioff, Åsa, et al.
(författare)
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Uptake and distribution of Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb in an aquatic plant Potamogeton natans
- 2006
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 63:2, s. 220-227
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A better understanding of metal uptake and translocation by aquatic plants can be used to enhance the performance of constructed wetland systems for stormwater treatment. Specifically, this study examines whether the uptake of Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb by Potamogeton natans is via the leaves, stems, or roots, and whether there is translocation from organs of uptake to other plant parts. Competition between the metals at uptake and at the level of the cell wall-bound part of the metals accumulated in stem and leaf tissue was also examined. The results show that Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb were taken up by the leaves, stems, and roots, with the highest accumulation found in the roots. At the elevated metal concentrations common in stormwater the uptake of Cu, but not of Zn, Cd, or Pb, by the roots was somewhat limited at uptake due to competition with other metals. Between 24% and 59% of the metal content was bound to the cell walls of the plant. Except in the case of Pb, the cell wall-bound fraction was generally smaller in stems than in leaves. No translocation of the metals to other parts of the plant was found, except for Cd which was translocated from leaf to stem and vice versa. Dispersion of metals from sediment to water through P. natans is therefore unlikely.
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| 5. |
- Fältmarsch, Rasmus, et al.
(författare)
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Metal concentrations in oats (Avena sativa L.) grown on acid sulphate soils
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Agricultural and Food Science. - 1459-6067 .- 1795-1895. ; 18:1, s. 45-56
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of soil chemistry on the concentrations of Co, Ni, Zn, Mn, Cu and Fe in oats (Avena saliva L. cv. Fiia) grown on Finnish acid sulphate (AS) soils with varying geochemical characteristics. Twenty two soil profiles, which were sampled to a depth of 1 m (five 20 cm section splits), and 26 composite oat grain samples were collected on a total of five fields. The concentrations of Co, Ni, Zn and Mn in the grains were correlated with the NH(4)Ac-EDTA-extractable concentrations in the soils. However, as these four chalcophilic metals are in general easily lost to drains and not retained as a large pool in the soil in easily-extractable form, also the concentrations in the oats were not in general elevated as compared with average values on other soils. On one of the fields, however, the Co and Ni concentrations in the soil, and thus also in the oats, were clearly elevated. Copper and Fe displayed no correlation between the soil and oat concentrations, indicating that the plant-uptake mechanisms are much more important than variations in geochemistry. It was suggested that the NH(4)Ac-EDTA solution was not efficient in extracting Fe and Cu, which shows that these metals are bound in relatively immobile oxyhydroxides.
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| 6. |
- Greger, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Absence of Hg transpiration by shoot after Hg uptake by roots of six terrestrial plant species
- 2005
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Ingår i: Environmental Pollution. - : Elsevier BV. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 134:2, s. 201-208
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we investigated if, and to what extent, six different plant species accumulate, translocate and emit mercury (Hg) into the air. The Hg uptake by roots, distribution of Hg to the shoot and release of Hg via shoots of garden pea, spring wheat, sugar beet, oil-seed rape, white clover and willow were investigated in a transpiration chamber. The airborne Hg was trapped in a Hopcalite trap or a gold trap. Traps and plant materials were analysed for content of Hg by CVAAS. The results show that all plant species were able to take up Hg to a large extent from a nutrient solution containing 200 μg L−1 Hg. However, the Hg translocation to the shoot was low (0.17–2.5%) and the Hg that reached the leaves was trapped and no release of the absorbed Hg to the air was detected. Mercury translocation to shoots was low.
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| 7. |
- Greger, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Heavy metal transfer from composted macroalgae to crops
- 2007
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Ingår i: European Journal of Agronomy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1161-0301 .- 1873-7331. ; 26:3, s. 257-265
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Marine macroalgal compost may be used as fertiliser in agriculture and horticulture. However, macroalgae may accumulate heavy metals, thereby rendering compost made from it unsuitable for food crop production. Our aim was to determine whether the edible parts of crop plants grown in various macroalgal composts contain elevated concentrations of heavy metals. Compost of seaweed beach-cast containing up to 85% red macroalgae and experimentally produced red and brown-algal (Fucus serratus) composts, respectively, were used in cultivating vegetables. The vegetables produced were compared with ones cultivated in composted horse manure and in soil in terms of transfer of cadmium (Cd), and in some cases also of copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg) from the different substrates to the edible parts of the plants. Effects of the composted material on biomass production and seed germination were also examined. Concentrations of Cu, Hg, and Pb were not elevated in either of the composts or in the crop plants compared with limit values for cultivated plants and soil. However, the concentration of Cd in the composts and crop plants was greater than the limit values for arable soil and cultivated plants, respectively. Furthermore, more Cd was transferred to the plants grown in red-algal than in brown-algal (F. serratus) compost, despite the fact that the brown-algal (F. serratus) compost had a higher Cd concentration. The Cd concentrations in lettuce and oats cultivated in the seaweed composts exceeded official EU limit values, while the concentrations in root vegetables and leguminous plants were lower than the limit values. Cultivation in composted red macroalgae increased the biomass production of all vegetables except beans, compared with cultivation in the other substrates. However, the germination frequency was lower for seed sown in composted red and brown algae than for seed sown in soil. We conclude that although cultivation of food crops directly in composted macroalgae (specifically, composted red algae) would enhance yields, it is not recommended. Instead, macroalgal compost could be used in smaller amounts on agricultural soils as a valuable nutrient source for non-food crop cultivation.
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| 8. |
- Greger, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of Si on Cd in wheat.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Scientific workshop on Contaminants and nutrients: availability, accumulation/exclusion and plant-microbia-soil interactions, COST Action 859 workshop, Smolenice, May 2008. ; , s. 1-
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Konferensbidrag (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 9. |
- Greger, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Phytoremediation and metal uptake in food plants
- 2007
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Ingår i: ECO-TECH 2007. ; , s. 513-522
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper reviews some of our resent findings on metal uptake in phytotechnology and food plants. The Cd concentration in wheat grains can be decreased by pytoextraction by Salix prior to wheat cultivation. Water spinach commonly grown in nutrient rich waste water are able to form methyl-Hg in new leaves, but high nutrient level in cultivation medium decreases the metal concentration in the plant. Wetland plants grown on mine tailings are able to decrease the formation of acid mine drainage from the tailings. Submerged plants can increase the retention of metals in wetlands treating metal polluted water, but the efficiency depends on the quality of the inlet water. Plants can be used to prevent leakage of metals and nutrients from dry covers containing sewage sludge on mine tailing impoundments. If the sealing layer below the cover layer consists of fly ash root penetration can be prevented while if it contains a mixture of sewage sludge and fly ash roots will grow into the sealing layer. Macro algae as fertilizers in agriculture increase the biomass production but also transfer Cd to the crop. Therefore, algae should be used in production of non food crops, however, not suitable for hemp cultivation.
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| 10. |
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