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| 2. |
- Norderyd, Ola, et al.
(författare)
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Periodontal status of women taking postmenopausal estrogen supplementation
- 1993
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Ingår i: Journal of Periodontology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0022-3492 .- 1943-3670. ; 64:10, s. 957-962
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SUPPLEMENTARY ESTROGEN intake and periodontal and gingival status in a total of 228 women 50 to 64 years of age was examined. Clinical parameters including visible supragingival plaque, subgingival calculus, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, alveolar bone height measurements, and number of remaining teeth were measured. Gingival status was recorded as gingival bleeding after gentle manipulation. Selected periopathogens, socio-economic, demographic, smoking habits, and health care variables were assessed. Gingival bleeding was significantly lower in the estrogen supplement group (n = 57) compared to the control group (n = 171) (P = 0.009); the estrogen group also exhibited significantly lower visible plaque levels (P = 0.030) and fewer Capnocytophaga-ssp. (P = 0.032). Dental care was more frequent (P < 0.001), and education levels were higher (P = 0.022) in the estrogen group. To investigate whether differences among the above parameters contributed to the difference in gingival bleeding, an age-adjusted analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used. The final ANCOVA indicated non-significant relationships for all parameters examined except estrogen intake (P = 0.044). Women taking estrogen exhibited lower gingival bleeding than the control group after correcting for these factors. The results indicate that estrogen supplementation is associated with less gingival bleeding in women aged 50 to 64, as compared to an age-matched control group.
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| 3. |
- Grossi, S. G., et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of risk for periodontal disease. I. Risk indicators for attachment loss
- 1994
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Ingår i: Journal of Periodontology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0022-3492 .- 1943-3670. ; 65:3, s. 260-267
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Specific risk indicators associated with either susceptibility or resistance to severe forms of periodontal disease were evaluated in a cross-section of 1,426 subjects, 25 to 74 years of age, mostly metropolitan dwellers, residing in Erie County, New York, and surrounding areas. The study sample exhibited a wide range of periodontal disease experience defined by different levels of attachment loss. Therefore, it was possible to accurately assess associations between the extent of periodontal disease and patient characteristics including age, smoking, systemic diseases, exposure to occupational hazards, and subgingival microbial flora. Age was the factor most strongly associated with attachment loss, with odds ratios for subjects 35 to 44 years old ranging from 1.72 (95% CI: 1.18 to 2.49) to 9.01 (5.86 to 13.89) for subjects 65 to 74 years old. Diabetes mellitus was the only systemic disease positively associated with attachment loss with an odds ratio of 2.32 (95% CI: 1.17-4.60). Smoking had relative risks ranging from 2.05 (95% CI: 1.47-2.87) for light smokers increasing to 4.75 (95% CI: 3.28-6.91) for heavy smokers. The presence of two bacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Bacteroides forsythus, in the subgingival flora represented risks of 1.59 (95% CI: 1.11-2.25) and 2.45 (95% CI: 1.87-3.24), respectively. Our results show that age, smoking, diabetes mellitus, and the presence of subgingival P. gingivalis and B. forsythus are risk indicators for attachment loss. These associations remain valid after controlling for gender, socioeconomic status, income, education, and oral hygiene status expressed in terms of supragingival plaque accumulation and subgingival calculus. Longitudinal, intervention, and etiology-focused studies will establish whether these indicators are true risk factors.
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| 4. |
- Machtei, E E, et al.
(författare)
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The rate of periodontal attachment loss in subjects with established periodontitis.
- 1993
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Ingår i: Journal of Periodontology. - : Wiley. - 0022-3492 .- 1943-3670. ; 64:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A stepwise approach to determine attachment level changes was utilized to assess the nature of progression of periodontal disease. Following initial screening, 51 subjects with established periodontitis were monitored quarterly for 9 more months. Probing depth (PD) and relative attachment level (RAL) were recorded using an automated, pressure sensitive probe system. To establish intra-examiner error, repeated measurements were performed for all sites at the final visit. An overall standard deviation (SD) for RAL repeated measurements was initially calculated (0.76 mm) using all 6,935 double measurements. Sites were sorted by factors which contribute to the error of attachment level measurements; i.e., pocket depth (shallow, moderate, deep), tooth type (molar, non-molar) and location (buccal, lingual). Data were sorted by the above 12 groups, and SD for repeated measurements was calculated separately for them. The ratio between these SD and the overall SD served as the corrective factor. Each patient's initial threshold (2 SD) was multiplied by these corrective factors thus resulting in 12 thresholds for each subject. Next, linear, exponential and logarithmic regression models were tested for each site, and the regression model showing the highest R value was chosen for that site. AL changes were tested against the patient's threshold for that site. Sites with attachment loss exceeding the threshold were deemed active. Five hundred eighty-one sites (8.3%) exhibited attachment loss exceeding the various thresholds. Of these, linear progression occurred in 195, logarithmic in 224, and exponential in 162 sites. Individual patient's attachment loss ranged from 0.6 to 19.4% of all sites.
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