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- Damdimopoulos, Anastasios E., et al.
(författare)
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An alternative splicing variant of the selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase is a modulator of estrogen signaling
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of Biological Chemistry. - : American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. - 0021-9258 .- 1083-351X. ; 279:37, s. 38721-38729
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase (TrxR1) is an integral part of the thioredoxin system. It serves to transfer electrons from NADPH to thioredoxin leading to its reduction. Interestingly, recent work has indicated that thioredoxin reductase can regulate the activity of transcription factors such as p53, hypoxia-inducible factor, and AP-1. Here, we describe that an alternative splicing variant of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR1b) containing an LXXLL peptide motif, is implicated in direct binding to nuclear receptors. In vitro interaction studies revealed direct interaction of the TrxR1b with the estrogen receptors alpha and beta. Confocal microscopy analysis showed nuclear colocalization of the TrxR1b with both estrogen receptor alpha and beta in estradiol-17beta-treated cells. Transcriptional studies demonstrated that TrxR1b can affect estrogen-dependent gene activation differentially at classical estrogen response elements as compared with AP-1 response elements. Based on these results, we propose a model where thioredoxin reductase directly influences the estrogen receptor-coactivator complex assembly on non-classical estrogen response elements such as AP-1. In summary, our results suggest that TrxR1b is an important modulator of estrogen signaling.
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| 4. |
- Damdimopoulos, Anastasios E., et al.
(författare)
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Human mitochondrial thioredoxin. Involvement in mitochondrial membrane potential and cell death
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of Biological Chemistry. - : American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. - 0021-9258 .- 1083-351X. ; 277:36, s. 33249-33257
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thioredoxins (Trx) are a class of small multifunctional redox-active proteins found in all organisms. Recently, we reported the cloning of a mitochondrial thioredoxin, Trx2, from rat heart. To investigate the biological role of Trx2 we have isolated the human homologue, hTrx2, and generated HEK-293 cells overexpressing Trx2 (HEK-Trx2). Here, we show that HEK-Trx2 cells are more resistant toward etoposide. In addition, HEK-Trx2 are more sensitive toward rotenone, an inhibitor of complex I of the respiratory chain. Finally, overexpression of Trx2 confers an increase in mitochondrial membrane potential, DeltaPsi(m). Treatment with oligomycin could both reverse the effect of rotenone and decrease the membrane potential suggesting that Trx2 interferes with the activity of ATP synthase. Taken together, these results suggest that Trx2 interacts with specific components of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and plays an important role in the regulation of the mitochondrial membrane potential.
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| 5. |
- Jiménez, Alberto, et al.
(författare)
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Cloning, expression and characterization of mouse spermatid specific thioredoxin-1 gene and protein
- 2002
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Ingår i: Molecular human reproduction. - : Oxford University Press. - 1360-9947 .- 1460-2407. ; 8:8, s. 710-718
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thioredoxins are proteins that participate in different cellular processes via redox-mediated reactions. For humans, we have recently described two novel members of this family that display a male germ cell specific expression pattern, named spermatid specific thioredoxin (Sptrx-1 and Sptrx-2 respectively). We report here the cloning and characterization of the mouse Sptrx-1 gene and protein, which are similar to those described for the human orthologue. The mouse Sptrx-1 open reading frame encodes for a protein of 462 aa composed of an N-terminal repetitive domain of a 15 residue motif followed by a C-terminal domain typical of thioredoxins. The mouse Sptrx-1 gene sequence is interrupted by only one intron of 525 bp located in the 5'-UTR, and using fluorescence in-situ hybridization we have mapped its chromosomal location to 17E1.2-1.3. Northern blot analysis identified the testis as the only tissue expressing mouse Sptrx-1 mRNA, and by in-situ hybridization we found a strong labelling in the testicular seminiferous tubules, mostly in the round spermatids. Affinity purified antibodies against human Sptrx-1 crossreacted well with the mouse protein confirming its expression in seminiferous tubules at the later stages of spermiogenesis. Recombinant mouse Sptrx-1 displayed protein disulphide reducing activity in an enzymatic assay coupled to NADPH and thioredoxin reductase. The availability of the mouse Sptrx-1 gene sequence is the first step towards the generation of knock-out mice, whose characterization will provide significant information regarding the in-vivo function of Sptrx-1 and its possible implication in several sperm anomalies.
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- Liao, Dezhong Joshua, et al.
(författare)
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Diethylnitrosamine causes pituitary damage, disturbs hormone levels, and reduces sexual dimorphism of certain liver functions in the rat
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Health Perspectives. - : Environmental Health Perspectives. - 0091-6765 .- 1552-9924. ; 109:9, s. 943-947
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The acute toxicity of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) to the liver has been well documented in the literature, but whether DEN also affects the endocrine parameters has been addressed in only a few studies. We thus investigated the effects of DEN on pituitary, serum hormone levels, and certain sex-differentiated liver enzymes in this study. Adult male Wister rats were intraperitoneally injected with DEN at a single dose of 200 mg/kg and were sacrificed at 1, 3, 7, and 35 days after injection; DEN-treated females were included as controls at days 7 and 35. Electron microscopic observation showed that during the first week after injection, all types of granular cells of the anterior pituitary in male animals exhibited cellular damage, including disrupted organelles and cellular structure, as well as pyknotic or lytic nuclei. Many undamaged secretory cells exhibited dilated endoplasmic reticula, hypertrophic Golgi complexes, and peripheral location of secretory granules, which usually are morphologic features of increased cellular activities. In male rats, the serum level of total testosterone decreased and the corticosterone increased I day after DEN treatment. The serum level of growth hormone (GH) decreased and the prolactin level increased on day 3. The hepatic expression of the male-specific cytochrome P450 2C11 (CYP2C11) decreased to 1-5% of the normal levels during the first week and was still 50% lower than the normal level on day 35, whereas the female-specific CYP2C12 expression increased only slightly. Activities of the male predominant 16 alpha, 16 beta, and 6 beta hydroxylation of androstenedione by microsome decreased in an in vitro assay, whereas the non-sex-differentiated 7 alpha hydroxylation and the female-predominant 5 alpha reduction of androstenedione were unaffected. In female rats, decreased serum GH level was observed on day 7. The CYP2C12 expression in females was decreased to about 1% and 80% of the normal levels on day 7 and day 35, respectively, but the CYP2C11 expression was unchanged. These data suggest that in male rats, DEN treatment may cause pituitary damage, disturb serum hormone levels, and induce long-lasting reduction of sexual dimorphism in certain liver functions.
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| 7. |
- Miranda-Vizuete, Antonio, et al.
(författare)
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Characterization of Sptrx, a novel member of the thioredoxin family specifically expressed in human spermatozoa
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of Biological Chemistry. - : American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. - 0021-9258 .- 1083-351X. ; 276:34, s. 31567-31574
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thioredoxins (Trx) are small ubiquitous proteins that participate in different cellular processes via redox-mediated reactions. We report here the identification and characterization of a novel member of the thioredoxin family in humans, named Sptrx (sperm-specific trx), the first with a tissue-specific distribution, located exclusively in spermatozoa. Sptrx open reading frame encodes for a protein of 486 amino acids composed of two clear domains: an N-terminal domain consisting of 23 highly conserved repetitions of a 15-residue motif and a C-terminal domain typical of thioredoxins. Northern analysis and in situ hybridization shows that Sptrx mRNA is only expressed in human testis, specifically in round and elongating spermatids. Immunostaining of human testis sections identified Sptrx protein in spermatids, while immunofluorescence and immunogold electron microscopy analysis demonstrated Sptrx localization in the cytoplasmic droplet of ejaculated sperm. Sptrx appears to have a multimeric structure in native conditions and is able to reduce insulin disulfide bonds in the presence of NADPH and thioredoxin reductase. During mammalian spermiogenesis in testis seminiferous tubules and later maturation in epididymis, extensive reorganization of disulfide bonds is required to stabilize cytoskeletal sperm structures. However, the molecular mechanisms that control these processes are not known. The identification of Sptrx with an expression pattern restricted to the postmeiotic phase of spermatogenesis, when the sperm tail is organized, suggests that Sptrx might be an important factor in regulating critical steps of human spermiogenesis.
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| 8. |
- Pedrajas, José Rafael, et al.
(författare)
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Mitochondria of Saccharomyces cerevisiae contain one-conserved cysteine type peroxiredoxin with thioredoxin peroxidase activity
- 2000
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Ingår i: Journal of Biological Chemistry. - : American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. - 0021-9258 .- 1083-351X. ; 275:21, s. 16296-16301
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Peroxiredoxins are ubiquitously expressed proteins that reduce hydroperoxides using disulfur-reducing compounds as electron donors. Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) have been classified in two groups dependent on the presence of either one (1-Cys Prx) or two (2-Cys Prx) conserved cysteine residues. Moreover, 2-Cys Prxs, also named thioredoxin peroxidases, have peroxide reductase activity with the use of thioredoxin as biological electron donor. However, the biological reducing agent for the 1-Cys Prx has not yet been identified. We report here the characterization of a 1-Cys Prx from yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that we have named Prx1p. Prx1p is located in mitochondria, and it is overexpressed when cells use the respiratory pathway, as well as in response to oxidative stress conditions. We show also that Prx1p has peroxide reductase activity in vitro using the yeast mitochondrial thioredoxin system as electron donor. In addition, a mutated form of Prx1p containing the absolutely conserved cysteine as the only cysteine residue also shows thioredoxin-dependent peroxide reductase activity. This is the first example of 1-Cys Prx that has thioredoxin peroxidase activity. Finally, exposure of null Prx1p mutant cells to oxidant conditions reveals an important role of the mitochondrial 1-Cys Prx in protection against oxidative stress.
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| 9. |
- Rybnikova, Elena, et al.
(författare)
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Expression of novel antioxidant thioredoxin-2 in the rat brain
- 2000
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Ingår i: European Journal of Neuroscience. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0953-816X .- 1460-9568. ; 12:5, s. 1669-1678
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thioredoxins are a class of small redox-regulating proteins that have been implicated in the control of various aspects of cellular functions and seem to be one of the key regulators of signalling in the cellular responses to various stresses. Thioredoxin-2 (Trx2) is a novel mammalian thioredoxin which, in contrast to previously known cytosolic thioredoxin (Trx1), has been localized to the mitochondria. Trx2 is abundantly expressed in skeletal muscle, heart and adrenal gland, as well as in some other peripheral tissues with high metabolic activity. Using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, we have studied the distribution and regulation of Trx2 expression in the rat brain. Trx2 mRNA and protein are highly expressed in the neurons in several brain regions, including the olfactory bulb, frontal cortex, hippocampus, some hypothalamic and thalamic nuclei, cerebellum and numerous brainstem nuclei. In addition, the Trx2 mRNA expression in paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus and reticular thalamic nucleus was found to be sensitive to peripheral glucocorticoids, as dexamethasone treatment caused significant elevation of Trx2 mRNA level in this area. No changes in other brain areas were observed after dexamethasone treatment. These findings implicate a significant regulatory and/or protective function of Trx2 in the nervous system.
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| 10. |
- Sadek, Christine M., et al.
(författare)
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Characterization of human thioredoxin-like 2. A novel microtubule-binding thioredoxin expressed predominantly in the cilia of lung airway epithelium and spermatid manchette and axoneme
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of Biological Chemistry. - : American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. - 0021-9258 .- 1083-351X. ; 278:15, s. 13133-13142
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We describe here the cloning and characterization of a novel member of the thioredoxin family, thioredoxin-like protein 2 (Txl-2). The Txl-2 open reading frame codes for a protein of 330 amino acids consisting of two distinct domains: an N-terminal domain typical of thioredoxins and a C-terminal domain belonging to the nucleoside-diphosphate kinase family, separated by a small interface domain. The Txl-2 gene spans approximately 28 kb, is organized into 11 exons, and maps at locus 3q22.3-q23. A splicing variant lacking exon 5 (Delta 5Txl-2) has also been isolated. By quantitative real time PCR we demonstrate that Txl-2 mRNA is ubiquitously expressed, with testis and lung having the highest levels of expression. Unexpectedly, light and electron microscopy analyses show that the protein is associated with microtubular structures such as lung airway epithelium cilia and the manchette and axoneme of spermatids. Using in vitro translated proteins, we demonstrate that full-length Txl-2 weakly associates with microtubules. In contrast, Delta 5Txl-2 specifically binds with very high affinity brain microtubule preparations containing microtubule-binding proteins. Importantly, Delta 5Txl-2 also binds to pure microtubules, proving that it possesses intrinsic microtubule binding capability. Taken together, Delta 5Txl-2 is the first thioredoxin reported to bind microtubules and might therefore be a novel regulator of microtubule physiology.
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