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| 2. |
- Cooke, Lynn Prince, et al.
(författare)
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Labor and Love : Wives' Employment and Divorce Risk in its Socio-Political Context
- 2013
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Ingår i: Social Politics. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1072-4745 .- 1468-2893. ; 20:4, s. 482-509
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We theorize how social policy affects marital stability vis-à-vis macro and micro effects of wives' employment on divorce risk in 11 Western countries. Correlations among 1990s aggregate data on marriage, divorce, and wives' employment rates, along with attitudinal and social policy information, seem to support specialization hypotheses that divorce rates are higher where more wives are employed and where policies support that employment. This is an ecological fallacy, however, because of the nature of the changes in specific countries. At the micro level, we harmonize national longitudinal data on the most recent cohort of wives marrying for the first time and find that the stabilizing effects of a gendered division of labor have ebbed. In the United States with its lack of policy support, a wife's employment still significantly increases the risk of divorce. A wife's employment has no significant effect on divorce risk in Australia, Flanders, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. In Finland, Norway, and Sweden, wives' employment predicts a significantly lower risk of divorce when compared with wives who are out of the labor force. The results indicate that greater policy support for equality reduces and may even reverse the relative divorce risk associated with a wife's employment.
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| 3. |
- Dahlin, Johanna, et al.
(författare)
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Cross-national differences in the gender gap in subjective health in Europe : Does country level gender equality matter?
- 2013
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Ingår i: Social Science and Medicine. - : Elsevier BV. - 0277-9536 .- 1873-5347. ; 98, s. 24-28
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Multiple studies have found that women report being in worse health despite living longer. Gender gaps vary cross-nationally, but relatively little is known about the causes of comparative differences. Existing literature is inconclusive as to whether gender gaps in health are smaller in more gender equal societies. We analyze gender gaps in self-rated health (SRH) and limiting longstanding illness (LLI) with five waves of European Social Survey data for 191,104 respondents from 28 countries. We use means, odds ratios, logistic regressions, and multilevel random slopes logistic regressions. Gender gaps in subjective health vary visibly across Europe. In many countries (especially in Eastern and Southern Europe), women report distinctly worse health, while in others (such as Estonia, Finland, and Great Britain) there are small or no differences. Logistic regressions ran separately for each country revealed that individual-level socioeconomic and demographic variables explain a majority of these gaps in some countries, but contribute little to their understanding in most countries. In yet other countries, men had worse health when these variables were controlled for. Cross-national variation in the gender gaps exists after accounting for individual-level factors. Against expectations, the remaining gaps are not systematically related to societal-level gender inequality in the multilevel analyses. Our findings stress persistent cross-national variability in gender gaps in health and call for further analysis.
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| 4. |
- Erola, Jani, et al.
(författare)
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More careful or less marriageable? Parental divorce, spouse selection, and entry into marriage
- 2012
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Ingår i: Social Forces. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0037-7732 .- 1534-7605. ; 90:4, s. 1323-1345
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite the large literature on the long-term effects of parental divorce, few studies have analyzed the effects of parental divorce on spouse selection behavior. However, the characteristics of one's spouse can have important effects on economic well-being and on marital success. We use discrete-time, event-history data from Finnish population registers to study the effects of parental divorce on entry into marriage with spouses who have different educational qualifications (both absolute and relative to one's own education), using conditional multinomial logistic regression models. The results show that Finnish children of divorce have lower rates of marriage than those from intact families. In particular, children of divorce have a lower likelihood of marrying spouses with secondary education or more, and especially low rates of marrying someone with a tertiary degree. The latter gap is smaller among those with tertiary education, as a result of the higher rates of homogamous marriage among the children of divorce with high education. Our findings suggest that children of divorce carry with them traits and behaviors that make them less marriageable candidates in the marriage market. We discuss the possible implications of these findings.
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| 7. |
- Härkönen, Juho, 1977-
(författare)
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Children and Dual Worklessness in Europe : A Comparison of Nine Countries
- 2011
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Ingår i: European Journal of Population. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0168-6577 .- 1572-9885. ; 27:2, s. 217-241
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Parents’ labour market status is a strong determinant of children’seconomic well-being, and children living in jobless households are particularlyvulnerable. However, previous research has not focused on the association betweenchildren and household worklessness. In this paper, I used ECHP data from nineEuropean countries to analyse the effects of the number and age of children on theprobability that neither partner of a couple works. Results from random-effectsregressions show that children increase the risk of dual worklessness in five of thecountries. The effects were particularly strong in the United Kingdom and Ireland,and more generally, stronger in countries with little institutional support for workingmothers, low levels of employment protection, and unexpectedly, where benefitswere less likely to be means-tested. The risk of dual joblessness diminished with theage of the youngest child in Belgium, Finland, France and the United Kingdom andmore generally, slower in countries with a strict employment protection regimeand a high level of means-testing of social benefits. Having children can thus affectthe labour market position of households, and influence their economic well-being. However, these effects can be shaped by the social policy and labour market solutions countries adopt
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| 8. |
- Härkönen, Juho, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Obesity, Unemployment, and Earnings
- 2011
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Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies. - Denmark : Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies. - 2245-0157. ; 1:2, s. 23-38
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The article analyses the effects of obesity—a clear signal of weight abnormality—on unemployment and earnings among Finnish men and women. Our empirical data consist of the last four waves (waves 4 to 8) of the Finnish section of the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) data collected between 1998 and 2001. According to our results, obese women have a significantly higher risk of unemployment (even after controlling for age, level of education and other related factors), than women who are not obese. Furthermore, the generally weaker occupational positions of obese women tend to translate to lower earnings. Overall, obese women are more likely to have weaker labour market attachment and hold socio-economically weaker positions. Similar results were not found among men. Thus, our results indicate the presence of gender discrimination in the Finnish labour market. In the conclusions we further discuss weight related impacts on succeeding in the labour market, but also its role as a possible risk factor in drifting away from employment. We reflect on this issue as a form of inequality that can have an increasing significance in the future.
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| 9. |
- Härkönen, Juho, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Occupational Attainment and Career Progression in Sweden
- 2011
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Ingår i: European Societies. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1461-6696 .- 1469-8307. ; 13:3, s. 451-479
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We analyze occupational attainment and career progression over the life course for Swedish men and women, born in 1925–1974. Careers progress (measured as improvements in occupational prestige) fast during the first 5–10 years in the labour market, and flatten out afterwards (approximately between 30–40 years of age). This is in line with the occupational status maturation hypothesis. Both class origin and educational attainment affect occupational attainment. The effects of educational attainment vary more over the career, but depend on the educational attainment level in question. Successive cohorts of women gain higher occupational prestige, and continue to gain in occupational prestige longer across their careers. We also find that cohorts that entered the labour market in times of economic downturns and restructuring (the oil crisis years and the early 1990s) had more difficulties in establishing their careers. Returns to education generally increase across cohorts, while class background differences decrease, as has been reported in earlier research.
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| 10. |
- Härkönen, Juho, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Prenatal Health, Educational Attainment, and Intergenerational Inequality : The Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 Study
- 2012
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Ingår i: Demography. - : Springer. - 0070-3370 .- 1533-7790. ; 49:2, s. 525-552
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, we study the effects of prenatal health on educational attainment and on the reproduction of family background inequalities in education. Using Finnish birth cohort data, we analyze several maternal and fetal health variables, many of which have not been featured in the literature on long-term socioeconomic effects of health despite the effects of these variables on birth and short-term health outcomes. We find strong negative effects of mother’s prenatal smoking on educational attainment, which are stronger if the mother smoked heavily but are not significant if she quit during the first trimester. Anemia during pregnancy is also associated with lower levels of attained education. Other indicators of prenatal health (pre-pregnancy obesity, mother’s antenatal depressed mood, hypertension and preeclampsia, early prenatal care visits, premature birth, and small size for gestational age) do not predict educational attainment. Our measures explain little of the educational inequalities by parents’ class or education. However, smoking explains 12%—and all health variables together, 19%—of the lower educational attainment of children born to unmarried mothers. Our findings point to the usefulness of proximate health measures in addition to general ones. They also point to the potentially important role played by early health in intergenerational processes.
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