| 1. |
- Palmtag, Eva-Lisa, 1982-
(författare)
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Breaking down break-ups : Studies on the heterogeneity in (adult) children’s outcomes following a parental separation
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis comprises three studies investigating heterogeneity in children’s outcomes post parental separation. The studies analyse diversity in outcomes after parental separation, applying both a retrospective long-term approach and a child perspective. The aim is to identify conditions that might buffer negative outcomes, intensify them or add additional stress. The data used comes from the nationally representative Swedish Level of Living Survey (LNU). The first two studies (I and II), take a long-term perspective to investigate outcomes among adult children of divorce or separation compared to adult children from intact families, emphasizing the diversity among separated families. Study III takes a short-term perspective to further understand the diversity in the parent-child relationship after separation.Study I focuses on the link between four post-separation childhood circumstances – inter-parental conflict, post-separation contacts with the non-resident parent, age at separation, and the experience of living with a stepparent – and later parent-child contact. The results show that a separation in childhood associates with later intergenerational contact. In general, adult children with separated parents have less frequent contact with their parents compared to children in intact families. Lowest rate of contact is found within the father-child subsystem as the father tends to be the non-resident parent. However, children with regular contact with the non-resident parent showed higher rates of adult contact with the father, without the contact with the mother being negatively influenced. These results support equal contact distribution between children and both parents in childhood after a parental separation.Study II uses a similar approach but focuses on variance in the adult child’s health and the main heterogeneity aspect under investigation is family conflicts. The results show that both parental separation and conflicts in the childhood family associates with children’s self-rated health in adulthood. Although parental separation can lower the degree of parental conflict, parent-child conflicts are still associated with a higher risk of less than good self-rated health in adulthood after controlling for separation. These results support the spillover hypothesis and suggest that parental quarrels spill over into the parent-child relationship. It underlines the importance of considering children’s own participation in family concerns during childhood.Study III applies a “here and now” approach and investigate how children’s perception of the relationships with their parents is influenced by residence arrangements and other post-separation circumstances. The findings indicate that shared residence arrangements enable children to maintain a social relationship with both parents post-separation to a higher degree compared with children in a sole parental residence. Additionally, the study found no significant difference in emotional support seeking patterns between children in shared residence arrangement and those in intact families. These results support previous research highlighting the benefits of shared residence when it comes to maintaining high levels of parent-child contact as well as support after the parental break-up. Collectively, these three studies contribute to the field of family sociology and separation (divorce) research by providing new insights into the effects of parental separation on child outcomes.
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| 2. |
- Aradhya, Siddartha, et al.
(författare)
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Unemployment persistence among second-generation immigrants
- 2023
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Ingår i: European Sociological Review. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0266-7215 .- 1468-2672. ; 39:3, s. 433-448
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many immigrant groups disproportionately experience unemployment and this disadvantage often extends to their children—the second generation. This paper contributes to this stream of research by studying unemployment dynamics of the ancestral population and second-generation immigrants in Sweden. In particular, we ask: does unemployment persistence differ between ancestral Swedes and 10 second-generation immigrant groups? We answer this question using correlated dynamic random-effects logit models to study the effect of past on current unemployment—also known as genuine state dependence. We use Swedish register data to follow individuals over their early working careers. The results indicate that although past unemployment has a similar relative effect on current unemployment across the ancestry groups, past unemployment increases the probability of current unemployment (absolute effect) more among second-generation Middle-Eastern, Turkish, and Southern European immigrants. Because of higher baseline levels of unemployment, the labour market consequences of similar relative effects are more pronounced among the second generation as compared to ancestral Swedes. The paper concludes by elaborating on the reasons behind these contrasting results while highlighting the importance of examining heterogeneous effects on both the relative and absolute scales.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Billingsley, Sunnee, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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The Sensitivity of Family-Related Behaviors to Economic and Social Turbulence in Post-Socialist Countries, 1970-2010
- 2023
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Ingår i: Comparative Population Studies. - 1869-8980 .- 1869-8999. ; 48, s. 493-522
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many demographic challenges and new trends have been observed across formerly state socialist countries after embarking on their political and economic transition. Including countries that range from Eastern Europe to Central Asia, this study explores whether some family-related events were more sensitive to the transformation that occurred in the 1990s than others, and whether the disruption was immediate or delayed across this wide range of contexts. Based on year-specific hazard ratios over four decades, results point to changes in fertility patterns being clearly linked to the transition. Second birth rates reacted almost immediately to societal disruption, whereas a more delayed change occurred for first births. Although abrupt changes in marriage and divorce rates also occurred, these changes often began before the transition and therefore may be part of longer-term developments. That second births were the most sensitive family event to the immediate change in conditions may be due to economic costs, but also unique characteristics related both to its lack of conferring a new social role on the individual, such as in the case of marriage and parenthood, and the narrower window of time in which this event usually occurs. The delayed changes in first births may instead reflect changes in norms and culture that influenced younger individuals when they reached childbearing ages.
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| 5. |
- Cozzani, Marco, et al.
(författare)
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The influence of early health of educational and socioeconomic outcomes
- 2023
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Ingår i: Handbook of Health Inequalities Across the Life Course. - : Edward Elgar Publishing. - 9781800888159 ; , s. 292-306
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a large literature on socioeconomic disparities in health, with a stream focusing on how health influences one’s opportunities to reach a high socioeconomic position. The purpose of this chapter is to pull together and discuss research on the effects of early health on socioeconomic attainment. As socioeconomic outcomes, we consider educational, occupational and income attainment as well as related outcomes, such as cognitive performance, which are sometimes used to explain the effects of health of socioeconomic outcomes. We start by reviewing research on the effects of early health during the prenatal period and infancy as well as later childhood and adolescence and continue to discuss a life course framework of how early health can affect socioeconomic attainment, which builds on the well-known life course models. We conclude by discussing some underrepresented and emerging questions in the literature.
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| 6. |
- Hogendoorn, Bram, et al.
(författare)
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Single Motherhood and Multigenerational Coresidence in Europe
- 2023
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Ingår i: Population and Development Review. - : Wiley. - 0098-7921 .- 1728-4457. ; 49:1, s. 105-133
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Single motherhood has increased throughout Europe. Single mothers assume the dual role of provider and caregiver and often need external support from public policies or kin to meet their needs. Research has focused primarily on public policies, disregarding the role of kin support—and of multigenerational coresidence in particular. This study provides the first detailed description of single mothers’ multigenerational coresidence in Europe. To do so, we combine census and survey microdata from 31 European countries. The data reveal large geographic variation in single mothers’ coresidence. Whereas coresidence is a rare and temporary living arrangement in Northern and Western Europe, it is common and more permanent in Southern, Central, and especially Eastern Europe. At the same time, coresidence has declined in almost all countries with data from the past half-century. These findings suggest large and persistent variation in kin support for single mothers and thus question the assumption of its marginal role in Europe.
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| 7. |
- Härkönen, Juho, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Double Disadvantage in a Nordic Welfare State : A Demographic Analysis of the Single-Parent Employment Gap in Finland, 1987-2018
- 2023
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Ingår i: European Journal of Population. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0168-6577 .- 1572-9885. ; 39:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study demonstrates how an evolving negative educational gradient of single parenthood can interact with changing labour market conditions to shape labour market inequalities between partnered and single parents. We analysed trends in employment rates among Finnish partnered and single mothers and fathers from 1987 to 2018. In the late 1980s’ Finland, single mothers’ employment was internationally high and on par with that of partnered mothers, and single fathers’ employment rate was just below that of partnered fathers. The gaps between single and partnered parents emerged and increased during the 1990s recession, and after the 2008 economic crisis, it widened further. In 2018, the employment rates of single parents were 11–12 percentage points lower than those of partnered parents. We ask how much of this single-parent employment gap could be explained by compositional factors, and the widening educational gradient of single parenthood in particular. We use Chevan and Sutherland’s decomposition technique on register data, which allows us to decompose the single-parent employment gap into the composition and rate effects by each category of the background variables. The findings point to an increasing double disadvantage of single parents: the gradually evolving disadvantage in educational backgrounds together with large differences in employment rates between single and partnered parents with low education explain large parts of the widening employment gap. Sociodemographic changes in interaction with changes in the labour market can produce inequalities by family structure in a Nordic society known for its extensive support for combining childcare and employment for all parents.
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| 8. |
- Härkönen, Juho, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Family influences on intergenerational inequality
- 2024
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Ingår i: Research Handbook on Intergenerational Inequality. - : Edward Elgar Publishing. - 9781800888258 - 9781800888265 ; , s. 235-248
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research on intergenerational inequality has primarily focused on the relationships between parental and filial socioeconomic standing. A related literature has concerned whether family dynamics and position in the family relate to intergenerational inequality. This entry reviews work on the relationships between family dynamics and intergenerational inequality, as well as on birth order and intergenerational inequality. Increases in family dissolutions and family complexity has stimulated a large research literature into their impacts on children’s life chances. While family transitions imply major changes in children’s living circumstances which in some cases have long-term implications, the importance of family dynamics in the intergenerational reproduction of inequality is at most moderate. The other part of the chapter reviews research into the effects of birth order: First-born children systematically attain higher socioeconomic status and perform better according to several measures. We discuss the implications of this finding for intergenerational inequality.
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| 9. |
- Lindberg, Matti, et al.
(författare)
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Associations between maternal socioeconomic, psychosocial and seasonal factors, infant characteristics and human milk cortisol concentrations
- 2021
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Ingår i: American Journal of Human Biology. - : Wiley. - 1042-0533 .- 1520-6300. ; 33:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ObjectivesGlucocorticoids are one component of human milk (HM) potentially affecting offspring development. Previous studies have identified various maternal, obstetric and socioeconomic characteristics that are associated with HM cortisol concentration but the literature is still scarce concerning these determinants in human populations. We aimed to identify which factors are linked with HM cortisol concentration at 2 months postpartum.MethodsWe analyzed data from 340 lactating Finnish mothers using ordinary least squares regression with log-transformed HM cortisol concentration as the dependent variable. Potential predictors included obstetric and maternal factors (maternal age, parity status, delivery mode, gestational age, pre-pregnancy obesity, and smoking in pregnancy), socioeconomic status (education and socioeconomic class), subjective economic well-being, maternal psychosocial factors (postpartum depression and anxiety symptoms), infant sex and age, and HM sample characteristics (time of the day and season of the year at sample collection).ResultsThe strongest and most robust predictors were season of the year of sample collection and parity status. HM cortisol concentration was significantly higher for primiparas than multiparas. HM samples collected in summer showed significantly higher cortisol concentrations than those collected in winter, spring or autumn.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that parity and season of the year at sample collection may be important factors to control for when examining HM cortisol. The strongest and most robust associations were related to maternal and sample characteristics and not to socioeconomic and psychosocial distress. This may be related to the fact that the study was conducted in a low-risk population.
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| 10. |
- Mogensen, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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Educational attainment in survivors of childhood cancer in Denmark, Finland, and Sweden
- 2024
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Ingår i: British Journal of Cancer. - 0007-0920 .- 1532-1827. ; 130:2, s. 260-268
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Survivors of childhood cancer may face difficulties at school. We investigated whether childhood cancer affects attainment of upper secondary education, in a register-based cohort study from Denmark, Finland, and Sweden, where we limit bias from selection and participation.Methods: From the national cancer registers, we identified all long-term survivors of childhood cancer diagnosed aged 0–14 years in 1971–2005 (n = 7629), compared them to matched population comparisons (n = 35,411) and siblings (n = 6114), using odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).Results: Overall, 6127 survivors (80%) had attained upper secondary education by age 25, compared to 84% among comparison groups. Elevated OR for not attaining this level were mainly confined to survivors of central nervous system (CNS) tumours (ORSurv_PopComp2.05, 95%CI: 1.83–2.29). Other risk groups were survivors who had spent more time in hospital around cancer diagnosis and those who had hospital contacts in early adulthood, particularly psychiatric. Survivors of all cancer types were less likely to have attained upper secondary education without delay.Conclusions: Although survivors of childhood cancer experienced delays in their education, many had caught up by age 25. Except for survivors of CNS tumours, survivors attained upper secondary education to almost the same extent as their peers.
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