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- Högberg, Mona N, et al.
(författare)
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Does ectomycorrhiza have a universal key role in the formation of soil organic matter in boreal forests?
- 2020
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Ingår i: Soil Biology and Biochemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0038-0717 .- 1879-3428. ; 140
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Forest soil organic matter (SOM) is an important dynamic store of C and N, which releases plant available N and the greenhouse gases CO2 and N2O. Early stages of decomposition of recent plant litters are better known than the formation of older and more stable soil pools of N and C, in which case classic theory stated that selective preservation of more resistant plant compounds was important. Recent insights heighten that all plant matter becomes degraded and that older SOM consists of compounds proximally of microbial origin. It has been proposed that in boreal forests, ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECMF), symbionts of trees, are actively involved in the formation of slowly-degrading SOM.We characterized SOM in the mor-layer along a local soil N supply gradient in a boreal forest, a gradient with large variations in chemical and biological characteristics, notably a decline in the biomass of ECMF in response to increasing soil N supply.We found contrasting and regular patterns in carbohydrates, lignin, aromatic carbon, and in N-containing compounds estimated by solid-state C-13 and N-15 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. These occurred along with parallel changes in the natural abundances of the stable isotopes C-13 and N-15 in both bulk SOM and extracted fractions of the SOM. The modelled "bomb-C-14" age of the lower layers studied ranged between 15 years at the N-poor end, to 70 years at the N-rich end of the gradient. On average half the increase in delta C-13 with soil depth (and hence age) of the mor-layer can be attributed to soil processes and the other half to changes in the isotopic composition of the plant C inputs. There was a decrease in carbohydrates (O-alkyl C) with increasing depth. This supports the classical hypothesis of declining availability of easily decomposable substrates to microorganisms with increasing soil depth and age. The observed increase in delta C-13 with depth, however, speaks against the idea of selective preservation of more resistant plant compounds like lignin. Furthermore, from the N-poor to the N-rich end the difference between N-15 in plant litter N and N in the deeper part of the mor-layer, the H-layer, decreased in parallel with a decline in ECMF.The latter provides evidence that the role of ECMF as major sink for N diminishes, and hence their potential role in SOM stabilization, when the soil N supply increases. At the N-rich end, where bacteria dominate over fungi, other agents than ECMF must be involved in the large build-up of the H-layer with the slowest turnover rate found along the gradient.
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| 4. |
- Högberg, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
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Parents' experiences of seeking health care and encountering allegations of shaken baby syndrome : A qualitative study.
- 2020
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLOS). - 1932-6203. ; 15:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: To explore parents' experiences of seeking health care for their children and instead being accused by healthcare professionals of Shaken Baby Syndrome/Abusive Head Trauma (SBS/AHT), being reported to Social Services, undergoing judiciary processing, and the impact of these events on family (dis)integration.METHODS: Design: A qualitative study based on qualitative content analysis. Participants: Twelve parents in Sweden, mothers and fathers, seeking health care for their infants, encountering allegations of SBS/AHT, losing custody of their infants, and being subjected to a judiciary process, and finally regaining custody of their children. Data collection: In-depth interviews.RESULTS: An overarching theme 'Fighting for protection of their child after being trapped by doctors' and four sub-themes were developed to reflect the parents' experiences, reactions and interpretations. The first sub-theme, 'Being accused of injuring the child', illuminated the shock experienced when seeking care and instead being accused of being a perpetrator. The second, 'Chaos and powerlessness', refers to the emotions experienced when losing custody of the child and being caught in the enforcement of legislation by the authorities. The third, ´The unified fight against the doctors' verdict´, illustrates the parents' fight for innocence, their worry for the lost child, and their support and resistance. The fourth, 'The wounded posttraumatic growth', describes the emotions, grief, panic, anxiety, and challenges in reuniting the family, but also the parents' reflections on personal growth. Unanimously, they had experienced the authorities' inability to reconsider, and expressed a deep mistrust of paediatric care.CONCLUSIONS: Being wrongly accused of child abuse and alleged SBS/AHT evoked emotions of intense stress, but parents endured because of a successful fight to regain custody of their child. However, the trauma had a long-term impact on their lives with residual posttraumatic stress symptoms and mistrust towards healthcare services and the authorities. The results provide important inferences for restoring system failures within child protection services.
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| 5. |
- Larson, Johannes, et al.
(författare)
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What happens to trees and soils during five decades of experimental nitrogen loading?
- 2024
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Ingår i: Forest Ecology and Management. - 0378-1127 .- 1872-7042. ; 553
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High deposition of nitrogen was postulated to drive losses of NO3 - and nutrient base cations, causing soil acidification, nutrient deficiencies reducing tree growth and ultimately tree mortality. We tested these predictions in a uniquely long-term study involving three NH4NO3 addition treatments (N1-N3) in a boreal Pinus sylvestris forest. The lowest level (N1), 30 kg N ha− 1 yr− 1 was applied during 50 years. Twice this rate (N2) was added 38 years, followed by 12 years of recovery, while thrice this rate (N3) was added 20 years followed by 30 years of recovery. We compared tree growth, changes in foliar and soil chemistry among treatments including control plots without N additions. As predicted, the N treatments lowered soil pH and reduced soil base saturation by around 50 %. They also lowered foliar levels of Ca, Mg, K, P and B initially, but after 50 years only Ca and Mg remained lower than in the control. Lack of B motivated a single addition of 2.5 kg ha− 1 after ten years of N treatment. Tree stem growth became and then remained higher in N1 than in the other treatments through the 50 years of treatments. In N2 and N3, foliar δ15N increased during the N-loading phase, but declined during the recovery phase, indicating a return of ectomycorrhizal fungi and their role in tightening the N cycle in N-limited forests. In the terminated, initially highest N treatments, N2 and N3, the trees even show signs of returning to Nlimitation. In these treatments, the soil base saturation remains lower, while the pH was only lower at 0–10 depth in the mineral soil, but not in the 10–20 cm depth horizon or in the superficial organic mor-layer. Accurately documenting the effect of N additions on forest growth required a long-term approach, where reasonable rates of application could be compared with extreme rates. Such long-term experiments are necessary to support forest management in achieving goals for developing future forests as they shift in response to major, global-scale changes.
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| 7. |
- Thiblin, Ingemar, et al.
(författare)
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Medical findings and symptoms in infants exposed to witnessed or admitted abusive shaking : A nationwide registry study
- 2020
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science. - 1932-6203. ; 15:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Many physicians regard the combination of encephalopathy, subdural haemorrhage (SDH), retinal haemorrhage (RH), rib fractures, and classical metaphyseal lesions (CML) as highly specific for abusive head trauma (AHT). However, without observed abuse or other criteria that are independent of these findings, bias risk is high.Methods: Infants subjected for examination under the suspicion of maltreatment during the period 1997-2014 were identified in the National Patient Registry, International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10 SE). The medical records were scrutinized for identification of cases of witnessed or admitted physical abuse by shaking. The main outcome measures were occurrence of SDH, RH, fractures and skin lesions.Results: All identified 36 infants had been shaken, and for 6, there was information indicating blunt force impact immediately after shaking. In 30 cases, there were no findings of SDH or RH, rib fractures, or CMLs. Six infants had finding(s) suggestive of physical abuse, two with possible acute intracranial pathology. One infant with combined shaking and impact trauma had hyperdense SDH, hyperdense subarachnoid haemorrhage, suspected cortical vein thrombosis, RH, and bruises. Another infant abused by shaking had solely an acute subarachnoid haemorrhage. Both had pre-existing vulnerability. The first was born preterm and had non-specific frontal subcortical changes. The other had bilateral chronic SDH/hygroma.Conclusions: The present findings do not support the hypothesis that acute SDH or RH can be caused by isolated shaking of a healthy infant. However, they do suggest that abuse by shaking may cause acute intracranial haemorrhage with RH in infants with certain risk factors.
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| 9. |
- Thiblin, Ingemar, et al.
(författare)
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Retinal haemorrhage in infants investigated for suspected maltreatment is strongly correlated with intracranial pathology
- 2022
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Ingår i: Acta Paediatrica. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 111:4, s. 800-808
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: To test the two prevailing hypotheses regarding the aetiology of infant retinal haemorrhage: (a) traction forces exerted by the lens and/or corpus vitreum on the retina during infant shaking or (b) retinal vessel leakage secondary to intracranial pathology and raised intracranial pressure.Methods: Comparison of medical findings and reported type of trauma in infants investigated for suspected physical abuse with presence (n = 29) or non-presence of retinal haemorrhage (RH) (n = 119).Results: Intracranial pathology was recorded in 15 (13%) of the non-RH cases and in 27 (97%) of the RH cases (p < 0.0001). All 18 infants with bilateral RH had intracranial pathology. Of 27 infants subjected to witnessed or admitted shaking, two were in the group with RH. One had a single unilateral RH and no intracranial pathology. The other had bilateral RH and intracranial pathology with non-specific white matter changes, acute subdural and subarachnoid haemorrhages, and suspected cortical venous thrombosis. In 15 RH cases, there was no trauma reported and no findings other than RH and intracranial pathology. Accidental blunt head trauma was reported in 7 RH cases.Conclusion: The present study indicates that RH in infants is secondary to intracranial pathology of non-specific aetiology.
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| 10. |
- Andersson, Jacob, et al.
(författare)
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External Hydrocephalus as a Cause of Infant Subdural Hematoma : Epidemiological and Radiological Investigations of Infants Suspected of Being Abused
- 2022
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Ingår i: Pediatric Neurology. - : Elsevier. - 0887-8994 .- 1873-5150. ; 126, s. 26-34
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) and chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) in infants have been regarded as highly specific for abuse. Other causes of CSDH have not been investigated in a large population.Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate to what extent external hydrocephalus is present in infants with ASDH and CSDH undergoing evaluation for abuse.Material and methods: Eighty-five infants suspected of being abused, with ASDH (n = 16) or CSDH (n = 69), were reviewed regarding age, risk factor profiles, craniocortical width (CCW), sinocortical width (SCW), frontal interhemispheric width (IHW), subarachnoid space width (SSW), and head circumference (HC). In infants with unilateral subdural hematoma (SDH), correlations between contralateral SSW and ipsilateral CCW and SDH width were investigated.Results: Infants with CSDH had significantly lower mortality, were more often premature and male, and had significantly higher CCW, SCW, IHW, and SSW than infants with ASDH (P < 0.05). Ipsilateral CCW (R = 0.92, P < 0.001) and SDH width (R = 0.81, P < 0.01) correlated with contralateral SSW. Increased HC was more prevalent in infants with CSDH (71%) than in infants with ASDH (14%) (P < 0.01). Forty-two infants, all with CSDH, had at least one of CCW, SCW, or IHW ≥95th percentile. Twenty infants, all with CSDH, had CCW, SCW, and IHW >5 mm, in addition to increased HC.Conclusion: A substantial proportion of infants with CSDH who had been suspected of being abused had findings suggesting external hydrocephalus.
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