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- Bremer, Anders, 1957-
(författare)
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Vid existensens gräns : Etiskt vårdande och professionellt ansvar vid hjärtstopp utanför sjukhus
- 2012
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Aim: To describe and interpret patients’, family members’ and ambulance personnel’s experiences with regard to survival, attendance, and caring at cardiac arrests and deaths, and to analyze ethical conflicts that arise in relation to families and how the personnel’s ethical competence can affect caring and the ability to handle ethical problems.Method: The three interview studies were guided by a reflective lifeworld approach grounded in phenomenology and analyzed by searching for the essence of the phenomenon in two studies and by attaining a main interpretation in one study. In the fourth study, the general approach was supplemented by “reflective equilibrium” that guided the ethical analysis.Results: The survivors are striving towards a good life by means of efforts to reach meaning and coherence, facing existential fear and insecurity as well as gratitude and the joy of life. Family members lose everyday control through feelings of unreality, inadequacy and overwhelming responsibility. Ambulance personnel’s care mediates hope and despair until the announcement of survival or death. After the event, family members risk involuntary loneliness and anxiety about the future. For the ambulance personnel, caring for families involves a need for mobility in decision making, forcing the personnel to balance their own perceptions, feelings and reactions against interpretative reasoning. To base decision making on emotional reactions creates the risk of erroneous conclusions and a care relationship with elements of dishonesty, misdirected benevolence and false hopes. Identification with family members can promote recognition of and response to their existential needs, but also frustrate meeting family members emotions’ and handling one’s own vulnerability and inadequacy. It was found that futile cardiopulmonary resuscitation, administered to patients for the benefit of family members, is not an acceptable moral practice, due both to norms of not deliberately treating persons as mere means and to norms of taking care of families.Conclusions: Ethical conflicts exist when it comes to conveying realistic hope, relief from guilt, participation, responsibility for decision making, and fairness in the professional role. Ambulance personnel need support to enhance ethical caring competence and to deal with personal discomfort, as well as clear guidelines on family support.
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| 2. |
- Christenson, Nina, 1975-
(författare)
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Knowledge, Value and Personal experience : Upper secondary students' resources of supporting reasons when arguing socioscientific issues
- 2011
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis focuses on upper secondary students’ use of resources in their supporting reasons when arguing socioscientific issues (SSIs). The skills of argumentation have been emphasized in science education during the past decades and SSIs are proven a good context for learners to enhance skills of argumentation and achieve the goal of scientific literacy. Research has shown that supporting reasons from various resources are embedded in students’ argumentation on SSIs, and also that multi-perspective involvement in reasoning is important for the quality of argumentation. To explore the reasons used by students in arguing about SSIs in this thesis, the SEE-SEP model was adopted as an analytical framework. The SEE-SEP model covers the six subject areas of sociology/culture, economy, environment/ecology, science, ethics/morality and policy, which are connected to the three aspects of knowledge, value and personal experience. Two studies covering four SSIs (global warming, GMO, nuclear power and consumption) explore how students construct arguments on one SSI topic chosen by them. In paper I, I investigated students’ use of resources in their informal argumentation and to what extent students made use of knowledge. The results showed that students used value to a larger extent (67%) than knowledge (27%). I also found that the distribution of supporting reasons generated by students varied from the different SSIs. In paper II, I explored students’ use of resources in relation to students’ study background (science majors and social-science majors) and gender. The results showed that social-science majors and females generated more numbers of reasons and also showed a larger amount of multi-disciplinary resources in their supporting reasons. From the findings of this thesis, the SEE-SEP model was established as a suitable model used to analyze students’ resources of supporting reasons while arguing about SSIs. Furthermore, the potential for applying the SEE-SEP model in teachers’ SSI-teaching and students’ SSI-learning is suggested. The implications to research and teaching are also discussed.
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| 3. |
- Höglund, Carina, 1981-
(författare)
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Growth and Phase Stability Studies of Epitaxial Sc-Al-N and Ti-Al-N Thin Films
- 2010
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- ¨This Thesis treats the growth and characterization of ternary transition metal nitride thin films. The aim is to probe deep into the Ti-Al-N system and to explore novel Sc-Al-N compounds. Thin films were epitaxially grown by reactive dual magnetron sputtering from elemental targets onto single-crystal substrates. Ion beam analyses were used for compositional analysis and depth profiling. Different X-ray diffraction techniques were employed, ex situ using Cu radiation and in situ during deposition using synchrotron radiation, to achieve information about phases, texture, and thickness of films, and to follow roughness evolution of layers during and after growth. Transmission electron microscopy was used for overview and lattice imaging, and to obtain lattice structure information by electron diffraction.In the Sc-Al-N system, the perovskite Sc3AlN was for the first time synthesized as a thin film and in single phase, with a unit cell of 4.40 Å. The hardness was found to be 14.2 GPa, the elastic modulus 21 GPa, and the room temperature resistivity 41.2 μΩcm. Cubic solid solutions of Sc1-xAlxN can be synthesized with AlN molar fraction up to ~60%. Higher AlN contents yield three different epitaxial relations to ScN(111), namely, #1 Sc1-xAlxN(0001) || ScN(111) with Sc1-xAlxN[11210] || ScN[110], #2 Sc1-xAlxN(1011) || ScN(110) with Sc1-xAlxN[1210] || ScN[110], and #3 Sc1-xAlxN(1011) || ScN(113). An in situ deposition and annealing study of cubic Sc0.57Al0.43N films showed volume induced phase separation into ScN and wurtzite structure AlN, via nucleation and growth at the domain boundaries. The first indications for phase separation are visible at 1000 °C, and the topotaxial relationship between the binaries after phase separation is AlN(0001) || ScN(001) and AlN<01ɸ10> || ScN <1ɸ10>. This is compared with Ti1-xAlxN, for which an electronic structure driving force leads to spinodal decomposition into isostructural TiN and AlN already at 800 °C. First principles calculations explain the results on a fundamental physics level. Up to ~22% ScN can under the employed deposition conditions be dissolved into wurtzite Sc1-xAlxN films, while retaining a single-crystal structure and with lattice parameters matching calculated values.In the Ti-Al-N system, the Ti2AlN phase was synthesized epitaxially by solid state reaction during interdiffusion between sequentially deposited layers of AlN(0001) and Ti(0001). When annealing the sample, N and Al diffused into the Ti layer, forming Ti3AlN(111) at 400 ºC and Ti2AlN(0001) at 500 ºC. The Ti2AlN formation temperature is 175 ºC lower than earlier reported results. Another way of forming Ti2AlN phase is by depositing understoichiometric TiNx at 800 °C onto Al2O3(0001). An epitaxial Ti2Al(O,N) (0001) oxynitride forms close to the interface between film and substrate through a solid state reaction. Ti4AlN3 was, however, not possible to synthesize when depositing films with a Ti:Al:N ratio of 4:1:3 due to competing reactions. A substrate temperature of 600 ºC yielded an irregularly stacked Tin+1AlNn layered structure because of the low mobility of Al ad-atoms. An increased temperature led to Al deficiency due to outdiffusion of Al atoms, and formation of the Ti2AlN phase and a Ti1-xAlxN cubic solid solution.
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