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- Hafström, L., et al.
(författare)
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An exploration of Swedish companies' offshoring of R&D activities to China
- 2010
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Ingår i: 5th IEEE International Conference on Management of Innovation and Technology, ICMIT2010, Singapore; 2 June 2010 through 5 June 2010. - 9781424465675 ; , s. 306-311
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A trend among manufacturing companies is offshoring of R & D. The aim of this study is to investigate Swedish companies' offshoring of R & D activities to China, utilizing both a survey and explorative case studies. The survey results show that 9% of the companies have offshored R & D to China, that performance in China is satisfactory, primarily in terms of costs, and that there is a need for strong integration mechanisms to handle coordination and information sharing. Based on the case studies, a categorization of firms offshoring R & D into Market- & Talent-driven firms and Low-cost & Supplydriven firms is proposed, as these have different challenges and require different managerial solutions. Finally, a dilemma concerning information sharing and innovation is identified and discussed. © 2010 IEEE.
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| 2. |
- Hafström, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Acute alcohol intoxication impairs segmental body alignment in upright standing.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Vestibular Research. - 1878-6464. ; 24:4, s. 297-304
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Balance control when standing upright is a complex process requiring input from several partly independent mechanisms such as coordination, feedback and feedforward control, and adaptation. Acute alcohol intoxication from ethanol is recognized as a major contributor to accidental falls requiring medical care. This study aimed to investigate if intoxication at 0.06 and 0.10% blood alcohol concentration affected body alignment. Mean angular positions of the head, shoulder, hip, and knee were measured with 3D-motion analysis and compared with the ankle position in 25 healthy adults during standing with or without perturbations, and with eyes open or closed. Alcohol intoxication had significant effects on body alignment during perturbed and unperturbed stance, and on adaptation to perturbations. It induced a significantly more posterior alignment of the knees and shoulders, and a tendency for a more posterior and left deviated head alignment in perturbed stance than when sober. The impact of alcohol intoxication was most apparent on the knee alignment, where availability of visual information deteriorated the adaptation to perturbations. Thus, acute alcohol intoxication resulted in inadequate balance control strategies with increased postural rigidity and impaired adaptation to perturbations. These factors probably contribute to the increased risk of falling when intoxicated with alcohol.
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| 3. |
- Hafström, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Effectuation of adaptive stability and postural alignment strategies are decreased by alcohol intoxication.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Human Movement Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-7646 .- 0167-9457. ; 35:Apr 29, s. 30-49
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human stability control is a complex process comprising contributions from several partly independent mechanisms such as coordination, feedback and feed-forward control, and adaptation. Acute alcohol intoxication impairs these functions and is recognized as a major contributor to fall traumas. The study aimed to investigate how alcohol intoxication at .06% and .10% blood alcohol concentration (BAC) affected the movement spans and control of posture alignment. The angular positions of the head, shoulder, hip and knees relative to the ankles were measured with a 3D motion analysis system in 25 healthy adults during standing with eyes open or closed and with or without vibratory balance perturbations. Alcohol intoxication significantly increased the movement spans of the head, shoulders, hip and knees in anteroposterior and lateral directions during quiet stance (p⩽.047 and p⩽.003) and balance perturbations (p<.001, both directions). Alcohol intoxication also decreased the ability to reduce the movement spans through adaptation in both anteroposterior (p⩽.011) and lateral (p⩽.004) directions. When sober and submitted to balance perturbations, the subjects aligned the head, shoulders, hip and knees more forward relative to the ankle joint (p<.001), hence adopting a more resilient posture increasing the safety margin for backward falls. Alcohol intoxication significantly delayed this forward realignment (p⩽.022). Alcohol intoxication did not cause any significant posture realignment in the lateral direction. Thus, initiation of adaptive posture realignments to alcohol or other disruptions might be context dependent and associated with reaching a certain level of stability threats.
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